Hayes et al. Disasters Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. Explaining the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: The Role of Science, Astrology, and Rumours. Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Rizza, M., Van Der Woerd, J., Tiwari, D. R., Pandey, R., Bitri, A., & Bes de Berc, S. (2014). The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake within a radius of 300 km happened on 15. (2020). Geol. Earth quake cause landslides f Effects Seismic sea waves (TUSNAMIS) f Effects Damage to human life and structures f Effects Faults, thrust and folds f Other Effects More devastating fires Change in surface drainage and underground circulation of water Depression forming lakes fDistribution f Distribution About 60 % of all (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. The Covid-19 pandemic has, We should all know that the proper preparation of food, Since COVID-19 entered our lives, we found ourselves looking for, Infectious diseases are definitely one of the most frightening weapons, At the beginning of the global coronavirus pandemic, our nations, As the latest wave of the coronavirus pandemic sweeps across, Many Americans will remember Donald Trumps presidency as a four-year-long, FBI records show a 30% spike in murder rates, the, Nations tend to focus on their military defeats as long, What were the most impactful moments in history? The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. To obtain First published on Sat 25 Apr 2015 16.53 EDT. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. Your email address will not be published. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. 3.3 BIHAR - NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. and JavaScript. (M 6.9) The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. Whereas areas like Dhankuta, Sindhupalchowk, Rasuwagadhi, Chainpur, Taplejung also suffered damage. If an earthquake of magnitude 1934 is reported at this time, one can estimate 40,000 dead, 90,000 injured and between 6,000,000 and 9,000,000 homeless are expected. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. IS 1893 Part 1 [1]) and only about 3 % of . Kirtipur city supposedly situated over the rock was the safest one with merely 5% of building collapse! Avalanches onMount Everest This earthquake caused manyavalanches on Mount Everest. https://doi.org/10.1038/136485b0. Half of all electric lines would be knocked out. The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. . The worst damage in Terai was observed in Siraha and Saptari Districts. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. (1939) and by Major General Brahma excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. . (1981). (2016). The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. Location and magnitude of the 1833 Nepal earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes. 259277). The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. Sukhija, B. S., M. N. Rao, D. V. Reddy, P. Nagabhushanam, Devender Kumar, B. V. Lakshmi and Pankaj Sharma, Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in North Bihar, India, Currentn Science, 83(8) 1019-1025. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. Marcussen, E. (2017). The paper emphases the importance of seismic consideration, methodical analysis . 4. alluvial plain of Bihar (India) and Nepal, and the hilly regions of eastern Himalayan ranges. The loss to livestock was enormous. (2004). Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. Hough, S., and R. Bilham, (2008). Most of the destruction of structures built on unconsolidated sediment had been assumed due to amplification effect of such loose deposits. Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. Active faulting south of the himalayan front: Establishing a new plate boundary. Sun 26 Apr 2015 04.56 EDT. 2 409-452. Bijih logam ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http://goo.gl/f0vB7K In Nepal, 8519 people lost their lives whereas in India 7188 people lost their lives. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); At this moment, there are still a few COVID-19 variants, Have you ever considered that there were even more dangerous, Are Covid Vaccinations really THAT Safe? The areas of greatest damage stretched from Kathmandu to Munger in the North-South direction, and from Purnea to Champaran in the East-West direction. 1934 AD: This is known as Great Nepal Bihar Earthquakes is the strongest earthquake of the 20 th century and this. Am. The estimated economic loss due to this quake is placed at around Rs.22,000 Crores. Lett. Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. In Patna, many buildings in the bazaar were destroyed and damage was particularly severe along the river. The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. Martin, S., & Szeliga, W. (2010). Seismic imaging of the main frontal thrust in Nepal reveals a shallow dcollement and blind thrusting. http://goo.gl/TLJKhQ http://bit.ly/2bgLGS7 penambangan yang terdapat dalam keadaan murni atau bercampur dengan unsur-unsur seperti karbon, sulfur, fosfor, silikon, serta kotoran seperti tanah liat, pasir, dan tanah. Brett (1935) reported 7253 deaths in Bihar.After the earthquake John Auden (brother of the poet laureat W.H. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. In D. W. Simpson & P. G. Richards (Eds. Nepal Science, 307, 13021305. Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. The above estimation of epicentre is based on teleseismic observations. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. Sukhija, B. S., Rao, M. N., Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., Kumar, D., Lakshmi, B. V., & Sharma, P. (2002). The southern edge reached the frontal thrusts near 86 deg east (Sapkota et al 2011). 6 Celebs Who Lost Their Lives Under the Knife. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. Rajendran, C. P., John, B., Rajendran, K., & Sanwal, J. The earthquake had removed many antiquated buildings and was directly responsible for the construction of numerous modern buildings, roads and bridges in which cement, steel and reinforced concrete played an important role. U. Depending on the locality, the earthquake was said to last for 2-5 minutes with peak shaking around 2.5 mins after the initiation of earthquake. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. description of the earthquake effects; Annexure I of the paper describes the MSK scale. Bihar is located in the high seismic zone that falls on the boundary of the tectonic plate joining the Himalayan tectonic plate near the Bihar-Nepal Border and has six sub-surface fault lines moving towards the Gangetic planes in four directions. Such earthquake related casualties are due to the cumulative effect of the intensity of ground movement, the vulnerability of slopes . In Bhagalpur district many buildings collapsed. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. More than 80,000 houses were damaged. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. Tect. Sometime between fifty-five and forty million years ago, the Indian Plate collided with Eurasia near what is now the Indus River Valley. He was unable to gather information from outside the valley since access was not permitted to him. The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Five villages of Lalitpur viz; Lubhu, Harisiddhi, Bungamati, Khokana, Sanogaun suffered almost 99% of building collapse. 483, pp. [5], A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. 125 people lost their lives, 248 were seriously injured. Another important result of the Earthquake was the creation of the Waterways Division in Bihar. The Biggest Earthquakes in Bihar, India. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. A catalog of felt intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008. Bihar earthquake 1934 6,000 . Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. Molnar, P., & Deng, Q. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. Geophys. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. 117, S2, 773-782. 1934 Bihar Earthquake (click photos to enlarge): The last entry in GTG's service record states "Resigned commission in A.I.R.O. Sapkota, S.; Tapponnier, P.; Bollinger, L.; Klinger, Y.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tiwari, D. R.; Siwakoti, I.; Rizza, M.Surface Rupture of the Mw 8.1, 1934, Bihar Nepal Earthquake AGU abstract 2011. [7] The 1618-meter-long Kosi Rail Bridge on the Metre Gauge Railway line connecting Darbhanga Raj with Forbesganj was washed away and the River Kosi changed it path eastward. Most of the damage was due to slumping, fissuring and tilting of the ground.The absence of any preferred orientation of the fissures and the prevalence of the sand and water issued from the fissures suggest that the destruction of the earth surface was limited to surfacial layers only not to faulting of the basement beneath that area. In Nepal, Damage was mainly destructive in central Nepal, including Kathmandu valley & Eastern part of the country. Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad. You can also search for this author in The BiharNepal Earthquake of 1934. It was then learnt that the area enclosed by the Ganges, the Gandak and the Kosi, in which lie the districts of Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur had suffered most severely. Jorganesh Press. affected during this earthquake. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. January 1934 at Bihar, Nepal with a magnitude Mw of 8.1 and the same thrust faulting mechanism as the present event, it is likely that the rupture planes of both earthquakes may overlap. In the light of the increased population today, compared with 1934, the death toll would likely be 22,000 and the number of injured 25,000. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. 1250). (5.2 MB PDF) Downloads. Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). Just after the avalanche, about 200 people were left stranded on the mountain as help couldn't reach them due to the risky condition of the mountain. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. Himalayan earthquakes: A review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential. SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. No precise geodetic measurements were in place across the 1934 rupture area due to Nepal's political isolation in 1850 when the Trigonometrical Survey of India was in progress. Rana, B. S. (1935). Bilham, R. (2019). A brief report has also been written by Mr. N. Nasu (Bull. 70(3) 757-773. India, 73. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. Seeber, L., & Armbruster, J. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. 4. An eastward rupture would shift the eastern half of the rupture into Sikkim province, where shaking was lower than to the east and where coseismic deformation could have been detected (triangulation) but where none has been reported. Of interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a template for future microzonation. Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. He specializes in the quantification and simulation of Seismicity of earth and associated phenomenon (2nd ed.). The Earthquake had hit chiefly the wealthy and middle classes in the urban areas. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). Earthquake Forecasting and Hazard Analysis, This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. ), Historical disaster experiences, transcultural researchHeidelberg studies on Asia and Europe in a global context (p. 241266). Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. Am. India 31, 104 pp.79. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. He Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). In: P. J. Treloar, & M. P. Searle (Eds. 15 Feb, 2021, 11.19 PM IST. Causes behind Misinterpretation in location of Epicenter. Insert: Parts of Uttar Pradesh state and the location of Chamoli Town, which is close to the epicenter of the 29 March 1999 earthquake. 3. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. The following is a summary of the sueeches. The town of Madhepura had subsided and buildings had cracked. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 1st English edition. Additionally, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Res. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. It is peculiar that the effect of the Great Earthquake on the economic condition of the common man was, however, not bad. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. which caused irreparable damage to human structures. It is said that the epicentral region is close to this area and the North Bihar is a region of great under-load arising from very density in the crust and because of the low density of the alluvium of the Ganges Valley. Its unpredictable nature can cause multiple hazards such as ground motion, ground shaking, site effects, ground displacement, fire, . Read John's blog. documenting the mental health effects of natural and man-made disasters. 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