This commentary originally appeared on TechCrunch on July 22, 2019. limiting the collective reach of U.S. cyber operations at any given time; it also ignores the concept of points of leverage in the broader internet ecosystem. This graphic describes the four pillars of the U.S. National Cyber Strategy. The Russians and Chinese are playing a long game to threaten the international, rules-based orderand they are doing this with actions below the threshold of armed conflict. Within each DOD component constructed network are thousands of subordinate networks, information technology equipment, tools and applications, weapon system technologies and data spanning across bases, posts, camps, and station levels. The Russian government tries to maintain greater control over domestic cyberspace than does the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability. Plain Writing Increased visibility, information sharing, and capability have improved cybersecurity posture awareness for the DODIN as a whole. Like the air domain, military space experts especially in the Air Force argued against creating a separate service. Madeline Mortelmansspoke today at an event hosted by the Association of European Journalists in Madrid, Spain. Each of the 44 DOD components owns a portion of the DODIN area of operation (DAO) and is responsible for protecting it. Updating contract language with DOD partners in a timely manner to address current cybersecurity issues such as enabling cybersecurity-related information sharing across the DOD and limiting/governing cleared defense contractors (CDC) remote access into the DODIN. Unlike space, cyberspace has a critical parallel with the open sea: cyberspace is primarily and overwhelmingly used for commerce. Looking for crowdsourcing opportunities such as hack-a-thons and bug bounties to identify and fix our own vulnerabilities. Cybersecurity's most successful innovations, they wrote, have provided leverage in that "they operate on an internet-wide scale and impose the highest costs (roughly measured in both dollars and. The process of identifying this terrain requires both technical understanding and knowledge of the commanders missions. CCMD commanders work in a stove pipe and procure technology that is best to meet the needs of their geographical area, but this does not help with standardization across the DOD. The danger in both sides' cyber deterrence, however, lies not so much in their converging will and capacity as much as it is rooted in mutual misunderstanding. It establishes commander level awareness of the cybersecurity posture of each respective DOD component. The first US Air force chief software officer, Nicolas Chaillan, who spent three years on a Pentagon-wide effort to boost cyber security, resigned late in 2021, arguing, we do not have a competing fighting chance against China in 15 to 20 years. Virtually all countries have access to some renewable energy resources (especially solar and wind power) and could thus substitute foreign supply with local resources. Washington and Moscow share several similarities related to cyber deterrence. Optimizing the mix of service members, civilians and contractors who can best support the mission. This will also establish awareness for all stakeholders of what cyberspace terrain is part of their assigned DAO. While there are strict limits to Pentagon's ability to operate in U.S. cyberspace, the Department of Homeland Security, and intelligence and law enforcement agencies (including Air Force Office. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. A new service emerges to ensure that warfighting in the domain receives the necessary focus for education, training, recruiting, doctrine development, force generation, and as a leading voice in the ongoing discussion of that domain at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. Adversaries China, Russia, Iran and North Korea are increasingly taking malicious cyber activities in the gray zone, which is below the threshold of armed conflict, to undermine U.S. and allies'security, she said. Yet discourse on persistent engagement that seems to suggest a constant engagement on all parts of the network ignores the very idea of leverage that should be the foundation for the conversation itselfunderstanding how defensive and offensive actions can shift points of leverage on the internet. China is using cyber espionage for military and economic advantages, Mortelmans said. An official website of the United States Government. In the awkward space between war and peace, Russian cyber operations certainly benefit from the highly permissive, extralegal mandate granted by an authoritarian state, one that Washington would likely be loath (with good reason) to replicate out of frustration. 4. NATO's main focus in cyber defence is to protect its own networks, operate in cyberspace (including through the Alliance's operations and missions), help Allies to enhance their national resilience and provide a platform for political consultation and collective action. Yet, the services have their own network operating independently within the CCMD AOR and, therefore, the CCMD is unaware of all activities that could have an impact on their current and future operations. In considering this question we were constantly reminded of recent comments by a prominent U.S. arms control expert: At least as dangerous as the risk of an actual cyberattack, he observed, is cyber operations blurring of the line between peace and war. Or, as Nye wrote, in the cyber realm, the difference between a weapon and a non-weapon may come down to a single line of code, or simply the intent of a computer programs user.. with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach, The U.S. Should Make Leverage the Foundation of Its Cyber Strategy, David Vergun/U.S. These include: Protecting DOD Cyberspace, Now and Beyond. The report drew skepticism from some experts and a denial from the administration, but the revelation led Moscow to warn that such activity presented a direct challenge that demanded a response. Violent extremist organizations use cyber to recruit terrorists, raise funds, direct attacks and distribute gruesome propaganda online, she mentioned. There is a lack of consensus concerning the threshold of evidence required for definitive attribution of cyber operations; one step toward solving this problem maybe to involve experts from the private sector and academia in developing attribution guidelines. The stage is set to successfully consolidate multiple cybersecurity efforts. While the United States has displayed a growing willingness to launch operations against Russia, Moscow has somewhat bolstered its military cyber capacity by expanding recruiting initiatives and malware development. It offers a separate voice within the military for the use of airpower on the strategic stage. Justin Sherman (@jshermcyber) is a fellow at the Atlantic Councils Cyber Statecraft Initiative. [5] U.S. Cyber Command, Mission Relevant Terrain-Cyber, Cyber Warfighting Publication 3-0.1, 20 August 2021, [6] Russel, W. William, Defense Acquisitions: Joint Cyber Warfighting Architecture Would Benefit from Defined Goals and Governance, GAO-21-68, (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2020). Cyber confrontation between the United States and Russia is increasingly turning to critical civilian infrastructure, particularly power grids, judging from recent press reports. By no means should the Kremlin's activity go unanswered. While the Russian author believes that a risk of cyber-related escalation to kinetic conflict between Russia and the U.S. does exist (for instance, in the event of a cyber breach of the other sides weapons systems), the U.S. authors are hesitant to affirm the likelihood of such escalation as there have not yet been significant real-world examples of it and, more generally, the risks are still underexplored. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. feeling rejected by wife during pregnancy . But a leap from disabling internet access for Russia's Troll Farm to threatening to blackout swaths of Russia could jeopardize the few fragile norms existing in this bilateral cyber competition, perhaps leading to expanded targeting of nuclear facilities. Moscow sees an unwavering cyber omnipotence in the United States, capable of crafting uniquely sophisticated malware like the Stuxnet virus, all while using digital operations to orchestrate regional upheaval, such as the Arab Spring in 2011. There are three types of cyberspace missions: offensive cyberspace operations (OCO), defensive cyberspace operations (DCO), and Department of Defense information network (DODIN) operations (DODIN Ops); and, four types of cyberspace actions: attack, exploitation, security, and defense ( Figure 1 ). Air Force Airman 1st Class Christopher Kendrick, 49th Communications Squadron cyber transport technician, connects fiber optic cables to the base network switches at the base network control center on Holloman Air Force Base, N.M., June 30, 2020. Sharing information with other federal agencies, our own agencies, and foreign partners and allies who have advanced cyber capabilities. Research, ideas, and leadership for a more secure, peaceful world. - Slate, Analysis & Opinions All CCMDs except for USCYBERCOM have ten roles and responsibilities assigned to them via the 2021 Unified Command Plan (UCP) for protecting their cyberspace and the one that is most applicable is: secure, operate, and defend tactical and constructed DODIN segments within their commands and areas of responsibility. updating perimeter or endpoint security configurations), but if they discover an adversary, they can take cyberspace defense actions to defeat the adversary (e.g. Sgt. Points on which the Russian and U.S. authors agree: Points on which the Russian and U.S. authors disagree: Points on which the respective authors cover ground that their counterparts do not: Introduction 1 The DOD is making strides in this by: Retaining the current cyber workforce is key, as is finding talented new people to recruit. U.S. officials fret about Moscow's ability to wield its authoritarian power to corral Russian academia, the private sector, and criminal networks to boost its cyber capacity while insulating state-backed hackers from direct attribution. (617) 495-1400. They use information operations, troop movements, proxy fighters, propaganda, diplomacy, economic pressures, and threats to coerce countries.Jim Garamone[2]. We will give a quick summary of these organizations as this will help you understand when we address the complications and solutions for CCMDs. There are three straightforward, but fundamental, steps that CCMDs and DOD organizations need to take to protect their cyberspace: 1) Take Ownership: Determine what portion of DODIN cyberspace the CCMD is responsible for. C.V. Starr & Co. This step is critical to inform cyberspace defensive planning and operations. Setting and enforcing standards for cybersecurity, resilience and reporting. This effort includes working with allies and partners, she noted. 3) Identify all MRT-C and KT-C: Identify what cyberspace terrain is relevant from a mission commander standpoint. Arlington,
These DOD cyberspace efforts include standardizing network sensors, implementing tiered local/region/global data aggregation, using the data to establish role-based common operating pictures, implementing zero trust architecture, and possibly even establishing a cyber service to advocate cyber power with a separate voice within the military. Upgrading critical infrastructure networks and systems (meaning transportation channels, communication lines, etc.) There are other efforts to modernize cybersecurity within the DOD (and the federal government as a whole) that are relevant to CCMDs and all DOD organizations. Kyle Hanslovan, a cyber-warfare specialist serving with the 175th Cyberspace Operations Group of the Maryland Air National Guard, works at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Md., Oct. 30, 2017. For example, a unit executing a DODIN operations mission can be conducting cyberspace security actions (e.g. [7] Pomerleau, Mark, The Pentagon is moving away from the Joint Regional Security Stacks, C4ISRNET, November 1 2021, https://www.c4isrnet.com/it-networks/2021/11/01/the-pentagon-is-moving-away-from-the-joint-regional-security-stacks/. Increasing the diplomatic costs of Russian cyber aggression, shoring up cyber defenses, or even fostering military-to-military or working-level diplomatic channels to discuss cyber red lines, however discretely and unofficially, could present better choices than apparently gambling with the safety of civilians that both sides' forces are sworn to protect. Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. At some point the U.S. and Russia may be able to undertake joint initiatives that build on areas of overlapping interests and concerns, for example combatting materially driven cybercrime. 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how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia