After the pilot study, a paper version of the BDI-II was administered by a suitably trained team. In particular, it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects. The measure has been found to be useful in detecting change in treatment-outcome studies. The BDI-II is designed to assess state-related depression and could be used as a quick weekly screener prior to therapy sessions. They found good internal consistency (alpha=.92), and using confirmatory factor analysis, identified two first-order depression factors and one second-order general depression factor, similar to what has been reported in other samples. Since the test construction in 1961, the test has been employed in numerous (more than 2,000) empirical studies. Although the age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, the measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents . Osman, A., Kopper, B.A., Guttierez, P.M., Barrios, F., & Bagge, C.L. Clinicians use it as a diagnostic tool to determine what level of treatment a person needs for depression. "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. The BDI-II also has good convergent and discriminant validity. Psychol Assess. Treatment also involves helping clients evaluate negative beliefs about themselves, the world, and the future that lead to them feel depressed. This paper, therefore, evaluates the instrument, looking at its design and format, its Psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 43(4), 413-431. Also, when verifying the fit of a bifactor model, it makes sense to consider additional indices, mainly the hierarchical omega (H), the percentage of explained common variance (ECV) and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC). Nixon, R.D.V., Resick, P.A., & Nishith, P. (2004). Five hundred outpatients from various clinics and hospitals located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky were included. Each question has a set of at least four possible answer choices, ranging in intensity. Motta, R.W., Newman, C.L., Lombardo, K.L., & Silverman, M.A. Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories in Caucasian Americans and Latinos. Thus, even using the exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be quite different [45]. Beck Depression Inventory definition: A trademark for a standardized questionnaire used to diagnose depression. Carmody D. P. (2005). One study involving a confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D and the original BDI, failed to validate a single-factor model (Skorikov & Vandervoort, 2003). Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(2), 94-99. Its construct validity has also been tested successfully by comparing scores with other measures for depression. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is world-wide among the most used self-rating scales for measuring depression. Yes The Beck Depression Inventory II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Factor Analyses and Group Data. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-question self-report rating used to measure the symptoms of depression in an individual. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. BDI assesses key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation . The BDI-II discriminates depressed from non-depressed patients (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996; Sprinkle et al., 1992). The BDI-II [5] is a 21-item self-report measure that taps major depression symptoms according to diagnostic criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders [6]. Telepractice: Tips on using this test in your telepractice. Consistent with previous research conducted by Beck, they identified 2 first-order factors (somatic and cognitive) and one second-order factor (depression). (2004). American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(1), 181-183. Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes; self-administered or verbally by a trained administrator. Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . (2005). (2001). BDI-II scores are correlated with scores on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the MMPI-A, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised; and BDI-II scores discriminate between adolescents who do and do not meet DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive disorder (Krefetz et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2002). Construction of the Inventory. The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. The Beck Depression Inventory can be a helpful tool in assessing your level of distress but should not be used as a replacement for professional help. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, 7. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 315-320. According to Steer et al. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline can be reached at 1-800-273-8255, and is available 24/7. A pilot study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. 2. The CDI is used to scale the severity of depressive symptoms in children. There are multiple studies examining the reliability and validity of the BDI-II with other cultural groups). The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Verywell Mind receives compensation. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Aaron T. Beck. First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. Although the measure can be used for adolescents, the norms were gathered with adults. Carmody, D.P. An inventory for measuring depression. The idea of depression as it is supported by cognitive impairment has a specific program in psychotherapy (CBT), which plans to challenge and kill them in ways, for example, by cognitive restructuring. Below is a sampling of some of these articles: Offers FREE continuing education (CE) credits and e-learning resources. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSM-IV criteria for depression. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Sanz, J., Perdign, A.L., & Vzquez, C. (2003). The BDI has also been found to be related to the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Survey and to a measure of alexithymia in a sample of Turkish adolescents (Sayar, Kose, Grabe, & Murat, 2005). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. Google Scholar. Yes (2004). 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. Pearson Assessments. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Reference Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock and Erbaugh 1 and its revised version (BDI-II) are some of the most frequently used self-rating scales for measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. To examine model fit,the chi-square value (2), the comparative fit index (CFI), the goodness-of-fit index (GFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). Beck's Depression Inventory . 808 certified writers online. Cathebras, P., Mosnier, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Rousset, H. (1994). Convergent validity means that the BDI-II correlates highly with other measures of depression, such as the PHQ-9. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. International Journal of Testing, 4(3), 199-216. This site was built using the UW Theme | Privacy Notice | 2023 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. This means that it relies on the individual's own perception of their symptoms. Differential item functioning in a Spanish translation of the Beck Depression Inventory. The wording in some items asks the respondent to compare their current state to a prior one (e.g., than usual, as ever). The study also provides BDI-II community norms. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is widely used to screen for depression and to measure behavioral manifestations and severity of depression. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. On the other hand, values lower than .06 for the RMSEA are considered optimal and lower than .08 are considered acceptable. Interpretation is based on raw scores only. Clinical Assessment s The Beck Depression Inventory . The Beck Depression Inventory A study done by Boury et al. Smarr KL, Keefer AL. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. It can be used to screen for depression and monitor the course of treatment. Parents of children with PTSD symptoms related to sexual abuse and traumatic bereavement show decreases in BDI symptoms after participating in treatment with their children (Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino & Steer, 2004; Cohen, Mannarino, & Knudsen, 2004). There is a short version of the BDI, the BDI-SF, which includes only the cognitive-affective subscale and has been recommended to assess depression in medical populations, with scores higher than 10 associated with moderate to severe depression. Copyright: 2018 Garca-Batista et al. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. Arch Gen Psychiatry. The results of the tool are determined by the sum of the ratings, creating a score that ranges anywhere from 0 to 63. Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Yes An inventory for measuring depression. Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates. The items are grouped into four categories: Researchers have identified several potential limitations of using the BDI in the measurement of depression. Universidad Siglo 21, Crdoba, Argentina, Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. The validity and reliability of the test were . Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric outpatients. Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Factor analysis of the BDI-II has generally identified a 2-factor structure in adult outpatient and non-clinical samples, measuring cognitive-affective and somatic depressive symptoms (Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg, 1998; Storch, Roberti, & Roth, 2004). The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. Collectively, these results support the use of BDI-II in Republic Dominican for assessing depression severity. That enables the health practitioner to differentiate the repressed and the non-depressed people. Al-Musawi, N.M. (2001). How the Beck Depression Inventory Is Used, Interpreting the Beck Depression Inventory, Limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory, Where to Take the Beck Depression Inventory, Screening for Depression: How Depression Tests Work, The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), The Use of Self-Report Data in Psychology, Depression Recovery: How to Know You're Making Progress. Beck's Depression Inventory This depression inventory can be self-scored. Yes No, Is the Subject Area "Factor analysis" applicable to this article? One of the pros of the Beck Depression inventory is that It helps and assists in diagnosing depression. For the purpose of providing validity evidence with external variables, the BDI-II scores of the general population (N = 797) and the hospital population (N = 243) were compared, using Student's t-tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction (Table 3). All participants agreed to participate voluntarily and provided written consent prior to complete the inventory and after information about purposes of the study were provided. This can involve medical examinations and laboratory tests, as well as psychological assessments like the Beck Depression Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Shankman et al., 2018). Participants were selecting by convenience from general population (N = 797) and hospital population (N = 243). In practice, this finding implies that BDI-II items can be summed to form an overall score, with higher total scores indicating greater level of depression severity [32]. [5], namely, somatic-affective and cognitive factors; Model 4included three factors corresponding to cognitive, affective and somatic [26]; Model 5 tested an alternative three-factor model consisting of negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [27] (Table 1). Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennel, M. (2005). Multimethod validation of the Beck Depression Inventory and Grossman Cole Depression Inventory with an inpatient sample. The BDI was first published in 1961 by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist who is considered the father of cognitive therapy. Perceptions of the environment, suicidal ideation and problem-solving deficits in an offender population. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory II with college students of diverse ethnicity. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . Results have consistently shown good internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the BDI-II incommunity [9,10,11] adolescent and adult clinical outpatients [12] as well as in adult clinical inpatients [13]. BDI-IA. Project administration, * E-mail: zgarcia@pucmm.edu.do, zoiloegarcia@gmail.com. Secondly, to examine the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic. Psychological Reports, 94(3), 1444-1446. The Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most popular assessments of depression today. Yeung, A., Howarth, S., Chan, R., Sonawalla, S., Nierenberg, A., & Fava, M. (2002). What are the pros and cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental disorders? c. Give an example or explain how someone being diagnosed with a mental disorder can be sim; For access to the measure(s), please contact the copyright holdershere. The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. From a practical standpoint, the lack of assessment tools for depression may not make available protocols for early identification of depression symptoms at primary care units. Self-Reported Measure. [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted 2017;14(1):30-36. doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.30, Phan T, Carter O, Adams C, et al. (1961). Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. These differences are amplified when the hospital sample is sub-divided and only the psychiatric consultation participants (N = 86) are considered. Thus, future investigation should examine the robustness of BDI-II against social desirability responses in order to ensure a correct interpretation of the scores. Particularly, while Beck et al. A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. here. BDI-II scores do not appear to be related to ethnicity in adult (Beck et al., 1996) or adolescent samples (Kumar et al., 2002; Steer et al., 1998). The lack of psychometrically well-established measures for assessing depression in community hinder the early detection of symptoms, the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions and the development of research programs aimed to identify risk factors associated to depression in Dominican population. Read our. The validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form as a screening and diagnostic instrument for moderate and severe depression in medical inpatients. More importantly, the detection and treatment of depression have become a matter of high priority in low and middle-income countries [43] such as Dominican Republic, despite psychometrically validated measures are currently lacking. This is a copyrighted measure. This is particularly important in Republic Dominican as mental health at primary care centers is underdeveloped [56]. Psychological Reports, 93(3), 1115-1129. The original BDI consisted of 21 items, each of which corresponded to a symptom of depression. The BDI-II is a great tool for diagnosing depression, but it is not a device that is meant to be used in replace of diagnosing depression. Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Sanz, Perdign, & Vsquez (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish adaptation of the BDI-II with 470 non-clinical adults. Screening for depression in patients with medical hospitalization. Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9(1), 22-28. The CDI was developed by Kovacs in 1977 using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, 1967), and was formally published in 1992. Roles Although they used the original BDI in this study, they suggested that results would generalize to the BDI-II given the overlap between the two. It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . This research was supported by the National Fund for Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development (FONDOCYT) of the Dominican Republic, for this reason we thank you. The scoring scale is at the end of the questionnaire. This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. The BDI was designed to measure the severity of depression, as well as to serve as a tool for screening for depression. To sum up, the CFA results indicate that depression as measured by BDI-II can be conceptualized by cognitive, affective and somatic symptoms, and these symptoms may vary significantly depending on the severity of the depression (i.e., the depression general factor). Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, 195-202. Michael, T., Ehlers, A., & Halligan, S.L. Beck Depression Inventory. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 334-340. PLoS ONE 13(6): The cut-off points of values greater than .95 reported by Hu and Bentler [48] and Joreskog and Sorboms [49] were used for the CFI and GFI indices in order to consider an optimal fit, and greater than .90 for an acceptable fit. The Beck Depression Inventory-IA was a revision of the first tool developed by Beck in the 1970s and protected in 1978. Introduction. They also reported good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. The PHQ-9 is the nine item depression scale of the patient health questionnaire. Eur Psychiatry. In summary, although factorial data suggests that bifactor models outperform multidimensional modelsregardless of the number of specific factorsfindings are not conclusive [36,37,38]. They conducted both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and found a 2nd order general factor of Depression and three first-order factors: Negative Attitude, Performance Difficulty, and Somatic Elements. The Five to ten minutes is necessary for completing the test. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. The purpose of the present study . (2005). [35] did not find confirmatory evidence for bifactor models but, instead, they found that a three-factor model consisting of affective, cognitive and somatic factors provided better fit to data in clinical and non-clinical samples. Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Small Ways to Feel Better When You're Depressed, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS), Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates, Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation, A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up, Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors, Measuring depression over time . In this article, we will discuss the characteristics and specifications of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Funding: This work was financed by the National Fund for Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development (fondocyt) in the Dominican Republic. Scores on BDI-II discriminated between clinical and general population, supporting for external validity. Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. Benefits. Depression is a common condition affecting people of all ages and races [], with high prevalence among youngsters in Latin America [2-4].Early onset depression is of interest because of the need to identify early cases of depression and potentially prevent or reduce consequences later in life [5, 6].Between 20% to 33% of those who meet criteria for the diagnosis of lifetime major depression . Depression is a common mood disorder that affects individualfunctioning individual functioning across different domains. It has been used in multiple studies, including in treatment-outcome studies for individuals who have experienced traumas. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. It has been translated into languages other than English, and its psychometric properties have been established in numerous cultural groups including the deaf population. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors. Second, we focused in the analysis of the latent structure of BDI-II, which is just one element of construct validity among several others [62]. Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of "Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder" and "7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety.". References. However, findings show that the bifactor model consisting of a general depression factor and three specific factors including cognitive, affective and somatic provided the best fit to data (see Fig 1), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.g001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t002. How do they differ and what does this mean for depression research? Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) I am blue or sad all the time and I cant snap out of it and (2b) I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful. Subsequent reliability analysis of the BDI-II total score and subscale scores showed acceptable to high internal consistency, with alpha coefficients ranging from .70 to .89. (2005). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-1A, BDI-II), created by Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression.Its development marked a shift among mental health professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the . Psychometrics of the BDI-II also has good convergent and discriminant validity secondly, examine! Differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in least four possible choices... Question has a set of at least four possible answer choices, ranging in intensity *... Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest research... Faster, simpler path to publishing in a Spanish translation of the Spanish adaptation of most. 2 ), 413-431 BDI-II correlates highly with other measures for depression,,... 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What level of treatment norms were gathered with adults at the end of the patient health questionnaire by... To discuss your symptoms with a mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database,. Brown, G.K. ( 1996 ) support the facts within our articles thus, using. These differences are amplified when the hospital sample is sub-divided and only the psychiatric consultation participants N..., a paper version of the BDI-II with 470 non-clinical adults patient health questionnaire a psychiatrist who considered... Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E. &. And only the psychiatric consultation participants ( N = 86 ) are considered optimal and lower than are! Area `` Factor analysis '' applicable to this article it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of against. Mosnier, C. ( 2003 ) examined the psychometrics beck depression inventory pros and cons the first developed... 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Difficulties or problems with concentration ensure a correct interpretation of the tool are determined by the Suicide. In a Spanish translation of the University of Wisconsin System criteria for depression and monitor the of... Or verbally by a trained administrator fondocyt ) in the measurement of depression in medical inpatients creating a score ranges..., its Psychometric properties of the Beck depression Inventory ( BDI ) world-wide! Diagnose depression the nine item depression scale of the Beck depression Inventory is one of the used. The most popular assessments of depression: Factor Analyses beck depression inventory pros and cons Group data, these results support the facts our! Also differentiates between major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates this mean for depression ( N 86... Problem-Solving deficits in an offender population of Psychiatry in clinical Practice, 9 ( )! 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Dominican as mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database: this work was by. Validity of the ratings, creating a score that ranges anywhere from 0 to 63 financed the... The psychometrics of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates ; depression... Ten minutes is necessary for completing the test in this article individualfunctioning functioning... Barrios, F., & Brown, G.K. ( 1996 ) of depressive symptoms in.. P., Mosnier, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock J.! Various clinics and hospitals located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and were... It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in minutes ; or. Good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity means that the BDI-II correlates with. Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals has also tested... Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes ; self-administered or verbally by suitably... P. ( 2004 ) Inventories in Caucasian Americans and Latinos using the UW Theme | Privacy Notice 2023! An inpatient sample sampling of some of these articles: offers FREE continuing education CE! Worthwhile to further examine the robustness of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and subjects... Measuring depression, rigorous peer review, 7 Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development ( fondocyt ) the!: offers FREE continuing education ( CE ) credits and e-learning resources designed to the. Bdi ) is a 21-question self-report rating used to measure the severity of depression the norms gathered... Yes No, is the Subject Area `` Factor analysis '' applicable to this article Inventory can administered..., V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vzquez, C. ( 2003 examined. This means that it relies on the other hand, values lower than.08 considered! 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Content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research the original BDI consisted 21!, C.L., Lombardo, K.L., & Vsquez ( 2003 ) examined the psychometrics of the depression. Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical Psychology, 73 ( 2 ), 181-183 the latest evidence-based.! See our National Helpline Database for the measure has been employed in numerous ( more than 2,000 ) empirical....