To mobili"e and utili"e both human and material resources by engaging the. /StructParents 0 /Resources << (All sources of local government general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). /F6 41 0 R /Contents 29 0 R Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. /S /Transparency Tax is a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies, for the various legitimate function of the state (, Tax is a necessary ingredient for civili"ation. >> University of Lagos Press. /F7 42 0 R Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. /ExtGState << How have the sources of revenue for state and local governments changed over time? trailer
/Image93 73 0 R /Contents 67 0 R >> This research work examines how the federal Government of Nigeria generate revenue and the development of Local Government Areas, Revenue Generation and the Development of Local Government Areas, 100% found this document useful (8 votes), 100% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful, 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful, Save Revenue Generation and the Development of Local Go For Later. 5356 0 obj <>
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/Image8 18 0 R xX8oANvfvV{9nv$&HZ
/4WU|y Y[|)|EB;$Oy,x>_$x/ The authentic confucius: A life of thought and politics. How does the tax system affect US competitiveness? /Font << 2.1.3 Sections 31 and 32 of the Local Government Financial and Accounting Regulations 2007 Aravind Boddupalli, Tracy Gordon, and Lourdes German (2021), State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Chin, A.-P. (2007). /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria pp 325343Cite as. What is the difference between carryover basis and a step-up in basis?
revenue generation and the development of the rural areas using Ikorodu local government in Lagos Nigeria. /Type /Page Public sector revenue management is as managing government revenue in public sectors. Alao, D. O., & Alao, E. M. (2013). 0v=.7&YP ?SfqZBEFowu8-RmHaav,Ax5dT# Edogbanya, A., & Sule, J. G. (2013). /F2 83 0 R /Meta77 66 0 R <]>>
endobj What is the difference between marginal and average tax rates? (2009). Cities could also revise their pricing models by using differentiating factors specific to each revenue lever. Part of Springer Nature. Global Journals Inc. (USA). Are the Social Security trust funds real? /Meta99 77 0 R VIP services can also be offered where increased fee levels guarantee higher quality. /Type /Page /Meta65 57 0 R endobj In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act (part of the December 2020 omnibus bill), and the American Rescue Plan. >> The largest state and local general own-source funds came from charges and property taxes (both 17 percent), followed by individual income taxes and general sales taxes (both 13 percent),and selective sales taxes (6 percent). /Parent 2 0 R 10 0 obj
Since 1977, the share of local general revenue from taxes has remained steady at about 40 percent. When the State increased the income tax rate in 2011 it did not share the increased revenues with local governments. /Group << Cameron Amos and Jesper Lindqvist, Finlands fine example, The Australia Institute, January 2016, tai.org.au.
If you would like information about this content we will be happy to work with you.
/F2 21 0 R /Group << "Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments." 0000002251 00000 n
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Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. Eneanya, A. N. (2012). >> Would a national retail sales tax simplify the tax code? <>>>
The revenue generation is not exceptional to :muahia North, Do not sell or share my personal information. Local revenue mobilization will be enhanced if local goverments and local What are the sources of revenue for state governments? /Group << One of the MMDAs involved in the use of recent ICTs to assist revenue mobilization is the AMA. [/ICCBased 11 0 R]
To instill a culture of performance, organizations should set targets for net revenues and select key performance indicators (KPIs). /Resources << 9 o"A\|h9MxgZ(wpMk
UN==dN#R. /Image20 81 0 R Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. n /, another reform of local government #as, established. /CS /DeviceRGB Cities that want to implement new charges will be more likely to build public support if such measures both induce positive behavior and have a clear, equitable, and risk-averse public benefit. Since residents often react negatively to actions that increase the cost of living, efforts to raise revenue through additional fees and taxes can be considered more acceptable when they also have a perceived public benefit. Meanwhile, individual income taxes have also increased as a percentage of state and local general revenue, providing 10 percent in 1977 and 13 percent in 2019. /F6 25 0 R /Font << What are the tax benefits of homeownership? Longman. This approach has the potential to not only fairly penalize offenders and reduce instances of speeding but also to generate more revenue. Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. general sales taxes and gross receipts taxes, Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, federal funds for local transportation projects, Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes, More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies, State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities, Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012, Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances, Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population, Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center, 8 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 2 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 3 percent from other taxes such as a locality'staxes onhotel bookingsandrestaurant meals. /XObject << /Image8 18 0 R 10 0 obj
Through leases, joint ventures, and joint development agreements, municipalities can generate additional income. >> What are Roth individual retirement accounts? What options would increase federal revenues? <>>>
/S /Transparency << /Type /Page This effect is the strongest in mostly rural and sparsely populated areas where lignite is mined and used for power generation.
Filipatali, T. (2013). How do state earned income tax credits work? D$IOS|O+kJp> /Meta38 38 0 R What are tax credits and how do they differ from tax deductions? Hence the various sources of local government finance have become very crucial in order to foster development at all levels of governance. Gordon, Tracy, Richard Auxier, and John Iselin. How do state and local individual income taxes work? /Meta43 34 0 R /StructParents 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> How do state estate and inheritance taxes work? 9
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Can poor families benefit from the child tax credit? Financial management in Nigerian local government. What are the major federal excise taxes, and how much money do they raise? /Image8 18 0 R Small businesses . Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. >> In the last 10 years, Illinois has reduced the portion of income tax returned to cities and towns. What are itemized deductions and who claims them? What does it mean for a government program to be off-budget? 0000001471 00000 n
the enabling law in form of local government act 1997 (amended). What are dynamic scoring and dynamic analysis? What are the major federal payroll taxes, and how much money do they raise? Essentials of management. How does the deduction for state and local taxes work? How did the TCJA change the standard deduction and itemized deductions? We'll email you when new articles are published on this topic. In 2019, transfers from the federal government provided 22 percent of combined state and local general revenues. This preparatory work generally consists of collecting the relevant data and developing the current revenue baseline. /GS7 17 0 R What kinds of tax-favored retirement arrangements are there? Catawba Publishing Company. /F2 21 0 R >> /Resources << Gordon, Tracy. The data was analyzed using simple percentage and frequency for primary data and content analysis for secondary data. x\KF+BGPpF^H bCfz(a11mGVV_faw1^o|mew5t'7=^$MDDRYTR7*::'W{o7/jBl\~?vM/ >> . /F2 21 0 R International Journal of Arts and Humanities Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2(3), S/No. A new tax on plastic would raise revenues and also benefit the environment. >> Fines. /Resources << Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, and individual authors, 2022. /ExtGState << How does the current system of international taxation work? The usual practice in this country (Nigeria) is that political parties and individual candidates often make /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] << /XObject << [/ICCBased 9 0 R]
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'ocal governments in, over a number of years. What is the schedule for the federal budget process? As a local government leader, you're pressed to keep up with the immediate needs of your community during the COVID-19 crisis. It is very important especially for developing countries because in developing . /F4 23 0 R 4. xZs8hI6mzumvwn:ul7 z?0{v8,Vjq.W?_/NOfSXbyqhu0r}z2/6r>YmM%`@NUOv- <>stream
>> >> Census of Governments, vol. <>
And as the new normal begins to take shape, you'll also have to plan for the near- and long . /Filter /FlateDecode 2 0 obj Intergovernmental transfers accounted for 36 percent of local general revenue in 2017 (figure 1). 0000003348 00000 n
The Local Government Act 462 of 1993 authorises and empowers the district assemblies to mobilise revenue in the form of rates, fees & fines, licences, rent, among others to help finance projects in their various areas of authority. /F6 41 0 R Cities should then establish a revenue committee that adopts a strategic perspective to assess the impact of revenue levers and understand the interlocking factors. Service fees. 7 At the same time, most states place restrictions on local property taxation, with limits that fall into three main types: rate limits, assessment limits, and levy limits. endobj
>> What is the Canadian experience with a VAT? What tax incentives exist for higher education? /Group << What are error rates for refundable credits and what causes them? How might low- and middle-income households be encouraged to save? /XObject << The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 created a sharp uptick in transfers from the federal government between 2009 and 2011, peaking at 25 percent of state and local revenues in 2010 and 2011, before falling back to 22 percent in 2012. Local Government Finance and Implications for Development: A Case Study of the Ikorodu Government Area Lagos State. /Type /Page Although local government revenue was about the same relative to gross domestic product in 1977 (8.6 percent) and 2017 (8.7 percent), it has fluctuated over the period (figure 3). Local governments collected $509 billion from property taxes in 2017, or 30 percent of local government general revenue. In 2019, 4 percent of local government general revenue came directly from the federal government (e.g., federal funds for local transportation projects) and 31 percent came from state governments (the numbers do not sum to the total share from intergovernmental transfers because of rounding). N /Contents 80 0 R Similarly, London has instituted a congestion charge that drivers must pay when traveling within the city center. /Annots [86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R] /GS31 30 0 R 2
Since 1977, property taxes as a share of combined state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased. <>
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What are inversions, and how will TCJA affect them? /XObject << How do IRS audits affect low-income families? Revenue sources and economic growth in Nigeria: An appraisal. The logic is that, in areas where the revenue capacity is high, a relative higher tax . It should also prepare reports on the performance of various initiatives and their respective owners or entities and update revenues studies based on changing market conditions. revenue (IGR) is the revenue that the local government generates within the area of its jurisdiction. How do state and local severance taxes work? What did the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform say about the national retail sales tax? What types of nonemployer-sponsored retirement savings accounts are available? Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions, Khaleej Times, January 30, 2018, khaleejtimes.com. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] %
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In 2019 inflation adjusted-dollars, combined state and local general revenue increased from $1.2 trillion in 1977 to $3.5 trillion in 2019, or a 188 percent increase. Some of the commissions include Phillipson Commission of 1946, Hicks-Phillipson Commission of 1950, . What is the Highway Trust Fund, and how is it financed? endobj
Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. V)gB0iW8#8w8_QQj@&A)/g>'K t;\
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/Meta44 31 0 R /StructParents 7 << A limited number of charges and taxes ensures higher social acceptance and minimal collection leakage. /S /Transparency Assets can include land monetization (such as land used by telcos for cell towers), appreciating land values, and commercial advertisements in public spaces, public markets, and shopping centers. /Type /Group %PDF-1.4
state and local government with a recommendation that conscious effort be made to allocate more revenues to states and local governments. /Tabs /S /Meta39 39 0 R 2 0 obj
/XObject << Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. 3. The reforms #hich gave recognition to, the local level #ere ta$en care of. These factors often include volume of activity, location, and period of validity. /Image97 76 0 R What tax incentives encourage alternatives to fossil fuels? Majority What are the sources of revenue for state governments? nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G! Two Decades in Effect: Volume-Based Waste Fee System in South Korea, Ministry of Environment, South Korea, January 2016. << What is the role of monetary policy in alleviating economic downturns? Concept Publications. Revenue generation as a major source of income for the state government: An empirical analysis of two parastatals. (*(%8H8c-
fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. /Contents 62 0 R >> In Finland, for example, fines for speeding are broadly linked to the income of violators and how far over the speed limit they were traveling when caught. What would the tax rate be under a broad-based income tax? /GS7 17 0 R /F1 20 0 R 11 0 obj
How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change business taxes? Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), 1(10), 2435. Revenue generation: Its impact on government developmental effort (A study of selected local council in Kogi East senatorial district). 0000002809 00000 n
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Even though what the local government had generated from internal and external sources have impacted the area to an extent, local government finance system i.e. And these sources tend to be far from optimized: local governments are often unaware of how to get more from existing sources and lack the resources to mount such efforts. Lack of proper provision and maintenance of social amenities, lack of well-trained staff especially revenue staff and so on are some of the results of lack of proper funding of local government in Nigeria. /Parent 2 0 R /Meta62 60 0 R /Font << Cities should consider the following areas: Collectively, these assessments will help cities to produce a prioritized list of levers for implementation. /Meta63 59 0 R /ExtGState << University Press.
A third lever is optimizing collection and audit processes to increase collection rates and minimize leakage. How large are the tax expenditures for retirement saving? In addition, elected officials must strike a tricky balance between raising taxes and fees and maintaining public support. The challenge is identifying and prioritizing the opportunities that will have the greatest impact and are relatively feasible. All revenue data are from the US Census Bureaus Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections.
X-ray of Local government administration in Nigeria. endobj 3.16.1 Introduction. endobj As an alternative to benchmarking, cities could also determine the cost of services and then establish a cost-plus pricing model to generate additional revenues. /F5 40 0 R In our experience, cities that fare the best in their revenue generation efforts create an internal dedicated unit that is responsible for the strategys implementation. What is the history of the federal budget process? /Font << 0000000016 00000 n
What is return-free filing and how would it work? /Image85 72 0 R What is the effect of a lower tax rate for capital gains? 2018. /Group << Perhaps the simplest and most straightforward approach across each of the four revenue streams would be to charge more. Social acceptance.
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