European technologies were now global technologies – religions like Catholicism and Anglicanism, founded in the West, were booming in post colonial Africa and Asia. After being re-admitted to the Union, Southern lawmakers passed segregation laws and laws preventing blacks from voting, resulting in blacks being regarded as second-class citizens for decades to come. In 1893, the ruling class of colonists in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy of Queen Liliuokalani and established a republic. This period of expansion would help establish Anglicanism as the dominant religion, English as the dominant language, and English and Anglo-American culture as the dominant culture of two continents and many other lands outside the British Isles. The loss of overseas colonies partly also led many Western nations, particularly in continental Europe, to focus more on European, rather than global, politics as the European Union rose as an important entity. Following World War II, there was an unprecedented period of prosperity in the United States. As the calendar reached the year 1500, Europe was blossoming – with Leonardo da Vinci painting his Mona Lisa portrait not long after Christopher Columbus reached the Americas (1492), Amerigo Vespucci proofed that America is not a part of India and hence the new world derived from his name, the Portuguese navigator Vasco Da Gama sailed around Africa into the Indian Ocean and Michelangelo completed his paintings of Old Testament themes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome (the expense of such artistic exuberance did much to spur the likes of Martin Luther in Northern Europe in their protests against the Church of Rome).[13]. [17][18][19], Cathedral schools began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into medieval universities. • Saint Patrick – Saint Patrick was a Romano-Briton and Christian missionary, who is the most generally recognized patron saint of Ireland or the Apostle of Ireland, although Brigid of Kildare and Colmcille are also formally patron saints. Pope Pius IX refused to recognize the Italian government or negotiate settlement for the loss of Church land. The first totalitarian state in the West was established in Italy. Following independence from Britain, the United States began expanding westward, and soon a number of new states had joined the union. The World Trade Organization was formed to assist in the organisation of world trade. Redistributive economy and the temple/warehouse complex. In Spain Miguel de Cervantes wrote the novel Don Quixote, other important works of literature in this period were the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer and Le Morte d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory. Each of the dominions remained within the British Commonwealth and retained close political and cultural ties with Britain and continued to recognize the British monarch as head of their own independent nations. Independence for French Indochina came only after a great conflict. Meanwhile, the Christian kingdoms of northern Iberia continued their centuries-long fight to reconquer the peninsula from its Muslim rulers. After that, the south came under Union occupation, ending the American Civil War. With this new kind of army, Napoleon was able to beat the European allies and dominate Europe. Chapter Summary. With a clear narrative of Western civilization, the book possesses a depth of over 150 maps and excerpts from over 200 primary sources that includes official documents. The war against Japan continued however. Ruled by the Protestant Ascendancy, Ireland eventually became an English-speaking land, though the majority population preserved distinct cultural and religious outlooks, remaining predomininantly Catholic except in parts of Ulster and Dublin. When the war ended in 1763, New France and eastern Louisiana were ceded to England, while western Louisiana was given to Spain. Conservatives were supported by the aristocracy and farmers. However, by 1914, only a dozen U.S. states had given women this right, although women were treated more and more as equals of men before the law in many countries. Extremely popular, Napoleon was made Napoleon III (since Napoleon I's son had been crowned Napoleon II during his reign), Emperor of the French, by a vote of the French people, ending France's Second Republic. Few were satisfied with, and many despised the agreements made at the end of the war. The greatest war fought by the West in the 1990s, however, was the Persian Gulf War. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of enquiry and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation;[20] and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research[21] The Italian University of Bologna is considered the oldest continually operating university. Fearing a land invasion would cost one million American lives, the U.S. used a new weapon against Japan, the atomic bomb, developed after years of work by an international team including Germans, in the United States. : alk. The revolution in France served as the catalyst for these uprisings, although the real causes of the revolutions of 1848 lay in European developments that included unreconciled social antagonisms, economic crises, and a general impatience with the conservative order. The collapse of western civilization : a view from the future / Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway. Not sure what college you want to attend yet? Parliamentary (or presidential) democracies, as well as rival Communist style one party states invented in the West had replaced traditional monarchies and tribal government models across the globe. The Climate Conundrum. Either in an online discussion forum or in an in-person with your student, answer and discuss the following question: What kinds of historical factors led to the origins of the definition of Western civilization? A distinctive English culture emerged under the Plantagenets, encouraged by some of the monarchs who were patrons of the "father of English poetry", Geoffrey Chaucer. American, British, French, Egyptian and Syrian troops all took part in the liberation. Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. The majority of the population was of British descent, while significant minorities included people of Irish, Dutch and German descent, as well as some Amerindians and many black slaves. Hitler attempted to defeat the British using only air power. Contact between the Old and New Worlds produced the Columbian Exchange, named after Columbus. They began westernizing under Czar Peter the Great, although Russia remained uniquely part of its own civilization. In 1870, Italian troops conquered the Papal States, completing unification. What had been the Soviet Union was divided into many republics. This concept is sometimes used in contrast to so-called Eastern civilization, explaining the basic differences underlying cultures of Europe and Asia. Despite this, the British and French chose to do nothing, wanting to avoid war at any cost. Amid power vacuums and newly determined national borders, civil war also became a problem, especially in Africa, where the introduction of firearms to ancient tribal rivalries exacerbated problems. Franco-German relations were also tense in this period due to France's defeat and loss of land at the hands of Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War. A very successful peace-making operation was conducted in the Balkans in the late 1990s, however. Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, while the rest of the island became the Irish Free State. Europe, dominated by Christians, remained under threat from the Muslim Ottoman Turks. [32] Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's constitution enacted revolutionary political principles for the first time on the European continent. The wars resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and sowed the seeds of nascent nationalism in Germany and Italy that would lead to the two nations' consolidation later in the century. By the early 1990s, the West and Europe as a whole was finally free from Communism. The Spanish Conquistadors conquered most of the Caribbean islands and overran the two great New World empires: the Aztec Empire of Mexico and the Inca Empire of Peru. Think in terms of many different factors, including geographic location, cultural facets, time period, and religion. Although many slipped into authoritarianism, most became democracies. Turner, John Constable, Caspar David Friedrich, Ivan Aivazovsky, Thomas Cole, and William Blake. Following the withdrawal of Japanese troops after World War II, China was plunged into civil war, pitting Chinese Communists against Nationalists, who opposed Communism. Canada united as a dominion of the British Empire under the Constitution Act, 1867 (British North America Acts). The two peoples were united in loyalty to the monarch and Catholicism. While historians still rely on written records, the work of archeologists, anthropologists, and demographers has helped broaden the understanding of the distant past. The other major Western revolution at the turn of the 19th century was the French Revolution. In the 10th century another marauding group of warriors swept through Europe, the Magyars. He then discusses the dramatic effect of Western civilization on others in the past 500 years of history. Also, France and Britain owed the U.S. a great deal of money. The 1215 Charter required the King to proclaim certain liberties, and accept that his will was not arbitrary — for example by explicitly accepting that no "freeman" (non-serf) could be punished except through the law of the land, a right which is still in existence today. Eventually, the regime Hitler created would lead to the Second World War. Also, the U.S. placed an embargo against the Japanese, as they continued their war with China and conquered many colonies formerly ruled by the French and Dutch, who were now under German rule. Henry V left his mark with a famous victory against larger numbers at the Battle of Agincourt, while Richard the Lionheart, who had earlier distinguished himself in the Third Crusade, was later romanticised as an iconic figure in English folklore. Mass media created a global culture that could ignore national frontiers. Orientalism is then explained, it is the concept that … But exuberant baroque architecture and art was embraced as an affirmation of the faith and new seminaries and orders were established to lead missions to far off lands. Although today it is generally held that the sinking was an accident, at the time the U.S. held Spain responsible and soon American and Spanish forces clashed everywhere from Cuba to the Philippines. As the Church grew more powerful and wealthy, many sought reform. These convicts were often petty 'criminals', and represented the population spill-over of Britain's Industrial Revolution, as a result of the rapid urbanisation and dire crowding of British cities. Most soldiers were equipped with hand-held machine guns and armies were more mobile than ever before. After the war, the former Confederate States were put under federal occupation and federal lawmakers attempted to gain equality for blacks by outlawing slavery and giving them citizenship. The Papacy had its court at Avignon from 1305 to 1378[23] This arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown. In 1799, a coup overthrew the Directory and General Napoleon Bonaparte seized power as dictator and even an emperor in 1804. The West has contributed a great many technological, political, philosophical, artistic and religious aspects to modern international culture: having been a crucible of Catholicism, Protestantism, democracy, industrialisation; the first major civilisation to seek to abolish slavery during the 19th century, the first to enfranchise women (beginning in Australasia at the end of the 19th century) and the first to put to use such technologies as steam, electric and nuclear power. Literature 4. The movement was led by the Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Vietnamese Communists. During this period France effectively became a dictatorship after the parliamentary coup of the radical leaders, the Jacobin. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. In 1876, the first telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell, a British expatriate living in America. After roughly a century of second-class citizenship following the abolition of slavery, blacks began seeking full equality. Great Britain and other old empires crumbled. Philosophy After the … After the rule of the Five Good Emperors (96-180) the strength of the Roman Empire declined, but the empire did not collapse. This led to a culture clash between these provinces and the rest of Mexico. The British also fought the Japanese in such places as Burma. In 1933, Hitler was named Chancellor, and seized dictatorial power. Louis XIV became king of France in 1643. The 16th century is often called Spain's Siglo de Oro (golden century). Although many prospered in the 1920s, Germany was in a deep financial and economic crisis. West Africa was dominated by France, although Britain ruled several smaller West African colonies. In 1950, another conflict broke out in Asia, this time in Korea. Rather than gradients of morality, there is only good and evil. Services. It involved the transfer of goods unique to one hemisphere to another. In October, Russian communists, led by Vladimir Lenin rose up against the government, resulting in a civil war. The United States and Britain faced serious downturn, while Portugal, Greece, Ireland and Iceland faced major debt crises. The missions of Gaelic monasteries led by monks like St Columba spread Christianity back into Western Europe during the Middle Ages, establishing monasteries initially in northern Britain, then through Anglo-Saxon England and the Frankish Empire during the Middle Ages. The late-2000s financial crisis, considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s, was triggered by a liquidity shortfall in the United States banking system,[63] and has resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets throughout much of the West. World War II had cost millions of lives and devastated many others. Among these ideologies were socialism and the more radical communism, created by the German Karl Marx. In 1932, Americans elected Franklin D. Roosevelt president. The bat and ball sport of cricket was first played in England during the 16th century and was exported around the globe via the British Empire. Then came Ivan Goncharov, Nikolai Leskov and Ivan Turgenev. The Soviets responded with the Warsaw Pact, an alliance which bound Central and Eastern Europe to fight with the United States and its allies in the event of war. Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, one of the most powerful men of the 11th century, stood three days bare-headed in the snow at Canossa in 1077, in order to reverse his excommunication by Pope Gregory VII.

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