… –margin specifies if you want to apply by row (margin = 1), by column (margin = 2), or for each element (margin = 1:2). It is calculated by dividing the operating profit by total revenue and expressing as a percentage. FUN: list of the same length as margin, each element of the list being either a function or a list of functions. Margin Calls A margin call occurs when the investments in the account and the cash decrease in value and fall below the minimum maintenance margin amount. All possible values for margin? So 1 stands for rows and 2 for columns. If n is 0, the result has length 0 but not necessarily the ‘correct’ dimension. Keywords iteration, category. For example, par(mar=c(5.1,4.1,4.1,2.1) sets the bottom, left, top and right margins respectively of the plot region in number of lines of text. The MARGIN argument means exactly the same thing in both functions and that is row-wise operation. Operating Profit Margin is a profitability or performance ratio that reflects the percentage of profit a company produces from its operations, prior to subtracting taxes and interest charges. A high net profit margin means that a company is able to effectively control its costs and/or provide goods or services at a price significantly higher than its costs. Value. The default value is 1. MARGIN: We want to apply the operation by row. If the calls to FUN return vectors of different lengths, apply returns a list of length dim(x)[MARGIN].. See Also. There isn’t a function in R to do this automatically, so I can create my own function. If your account falls below the maintenance margin… Buying on margin means you are investing with borrowed money. Answer Save. Profit margin gauges the degree to which a company or a business activity makes money, essentially by dividing income by revenues. Gross margin is a company's net sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold (COGS). Gm is the amount of gain variance required to make the loop gain unity at the frequency Wcg where the phase angle is –180° (modulo 360°). The Apply family comprises: apply, lapply , sapply, vapply, mapply, rapply, and tapply. Dividing that net profit by the sales price gives you the sales margin as a percentage. Margins are formed in the order in which dimensions are specified in margin. Usage tapply(X, INDEX, FUN = NULL, …, default = NA, simplify = TRUE) Arguments X. an R object for which a split method exists. In the length-1 case, can be a function instead of a list of one. In other words, the gain margin is 1/g if g is the gain at the –180° phase frequency. The apply() Family. R apply Functions. Margin: Allows you to borrow money from your broker to invest with the money you place into your account as collateral. LMN company declared a net profit, before taxes and interest, of $3M for year-end 2015. What if instead, I wanted to find n-1 for each column? Similar functions include lapply(), sapply(), mapply() and tapply().These functions are more efficient than loops when handling data in batch. How to calculate proportions . Expressed as a percentage, profit margin … Value. The … Typically vector-like, allowing subsetting with [. Using apply in R. We start with the godfather of the family, apply, which operates on arrays (for simplicity we limit here to 2D arrays, aka, matrices). To add the column margin, you need to set margin to 2, but this column margin contains the row totals. (On the Packages tab, select Install, and then in the Install dialog box, type modeest in the Packages box and click Install. The margins are numbered the same way as in the apply() function. Gross margin is a company’s net sales minus its cost of goods sold . what does this mean? Sometimes it's used when a simpler function would have sufficed (e.g., apply), other times, it's impossible to know exactly what it's is doing without spending a fair amount of time to step through the code block it's in. Margin is the money borrowed from a broker to purchase an investment and is the difference between the total value of investment and the loan amount. To learn more, launch our online finance courses now! To change the font size of text elements, use cex (short for character expansion ratio). There are other functions in the apply family (sapply, mapply, rollapply, etc.) To reduce the text size, use a cex value of less than 1; to increase the text size, use a cex value greater than 1. It allows users to apply a function to a vector or data frame by row, by column or to the entire data frame. Instead, you need a package called modeest in your library. The horizontal ruler displayed below the Word menu provides another way to change the margins in your document. yes/no. 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