air force munitions systems bases

This shop is responsible for keeping bombs and missiles loaded on aircraft pallets ready to be deployed at a moment's notice. The SSKW UAS weighs <20lbs, is bungee launched, and was completely designed, prototyped, and manufactured in-house. Once a person becomes an AMMO troop they are considered an AMMO troop for life. 1A3X1 - Airborne Mission Systems Specialist 1A6X1 - Flight Attendant 1A8X1 - Airborne Cryptologic Language Analyst . However if a person inadvertently drops their Ammo coin and fails to catch it before it strikes a surface, they will be considered to be initiating a coin check, and any Ammo troop present will be expected to produce their Ammo coin to Challenge the inadvertent coin check, in which case the troop dropping their coin and any troop not able to present their coin, will be expected to buy the troops who successfully present their coin a beverage of choice. Marc Denofio, Air Force Research Laboratory Public Affairs |, Aleah M. Castrejon, Air Force Research Laboratory Public Affairs |. Texas has multiple bases, but not all of them have many of his AFSC. Those who worked in this area used to be classified under the 645X0A Supply career field, In 1986 the career field changed to a maintenance career field 465X0 rather than the 461X0 Maintenance career field the rest of AMMO was under. All details regarding nuclear deployments within NATO remain secret. "However, the U.S. Air Force's limited combat support capacity constrains how many distributed locations could operate simultaneously.". Copyright 2023 www.OperationMilitaryKids.org. [1] Munitions Systems specialists also operate and maintain a wide variety of equipment and electronic gear, from pallet jacks, 40-foot (12m) tractor-trailer combination vehicles, all-terrain 10,000 pound forklifts, and 100,000 pound forklifts. Responsible for maintaining launch and release devices on aircraft, Aircraft Armament Systems specialists ensure that explosive devices can be accurately delivered from our planes. 461x0 Munitions Maintenance (commonly called BB Stackers), 462x0 Weapons Maintenance (commonly called Loaders or Load Toads), 463x0 Nuclear Weapons Specialist (commonly called Nuke Pukes) and 464x0 Explosive Ordnance Disposal all shared a common heritage and were consolidated under one organization. Various duties include shipping and receiving, assembling, testing, operating, protecting, inspecting, storing, and maintaining of all types of conventional munition systems. My husband is currently at basic training and already has his job selected as munition systems. Also during technical training, the new Munitions System Specialist recruit will learn how to load and unload bomb carrying trailers. Installs warheads, guidance units, and fuses , arming wir My guess would be the spouse is already licensed in Texas? That, however, does not mean that there are no civilian positions that can use the skills that a Munitions System Specialist acquired during their time in the Air Force. United States Air Force. Most AMMO chiefs appear to disagree with this directive, but follow it begrudgingly because it is a directive from the powers that be. The value of this initial contract will not exceed $1.2 billion. 1944, reprint by Office of History, Munitions Systems Division, Eglin AFB, Florida, 1989; Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978) Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems, Vol. Distributed operations such as ACE "could be key to increasing survivability," RAND said. Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. We will definitely be doing that then! Is there a reason there are nursing jobs in Texas for you that aren't available in other places? Storage is also used to transport munitions over public right-of-ways to transfer munitions between different storage or shipping and receiving locations. Scott Air Force Base Hosts Pilot for a Day. Located at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, the Directorate develops and transitions technologies in four core technical competencies: laser systems, high power electromagnetics . They also work to maintain the shop or bench stock material, secure replenishment, modify munitions and all MMHE when directed. Airmen describing Munitions Systems. He will have an opportunity to list his base preferences and if the Air Force needs to fill slots at those bases then there's a chance he can go there. Shakey appears to be the only living, sanctioned (unit funds pay for food and health care) mascot of any current unit in the U.S. Air Force. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. "In short, the greater the dispersal, the greater the challenges for sustainment and communications," the study concluded. As late as December, 1994, the 36th MUNS was on version "Shakey the 5th", in November, 2006, the bomb dump at Andersen AFB was on version "Shakey the 8th", and as of November, 2009, the 36th MUNS was on "Shakey the 12th". Isolation from the main base breeds a culture within the Munitions section where the troops go out of their way to take care of their own. The photo, dated from March 2021, was removed soon after it drew media attention. As the Chinese are well aware, the best way to destroy enemy aircraft is when they're on the ground. During that time a new Airman will learn in a classroom and laboratory environment the basics of Munitions System tasks they will be doing. Maintain Weapons. Thank You! Of all the military arms, airpower is the most complex. AMMO Pisspot Contents 1 Career Field Description 2 Ammo Isolation and Culture 2.1 Ammo Challenge coins 3 Specific Jobs 3.1 Equipment Maintenance 3.2 Precision Guided Munitions 3.3 Line Delivery From testing and evaluating new weapons systems to loading ordnance, these professionals make sure that when a pilot pulls the trigger, the devices successfully launch away from the aircraft toward the target. Its possible, but not very likely. Therefore the MUNSS mission is one of the most critical within their theater of operations. Reconditions, repairs, and replaces defective or missing parts. Their common strength varies between 125 150 servicemembers. It's a big tricky game and the Air Force holds most of the cards. The chances of getting stationed at a particular base is less than 1%. Thank you! On the other hand, while it's easier to concentrate defensive systems and logistics at a few major bases, an attacker like China could saturate those locations with massed salvos of missiles. However keep in mind a lot of these big bases are also in big cities, so finding a job as a nurse shouldnt be a problem at most of the bigger bases. Huntsville's Redstone Arsenal is getting new attention for an ongoing $1 billion cleanup of old and unexploded chemical and conventional munitions from burial sites on the base. 'TM' or 'Trailer Maintenance' is the hub of all maintenance for the job-specific trailer equipment that is unique to AMMO. Munitions Systems - 2W0X1 - Air Force Jobs. Upon graduation from tech school, the new AMMO apprentice is sent to their assigned duty station. 'Storage' is responsible for storing and breaking out munitions required by Conventional Maintenance and Munitions Inspection, and is also responsible for the maintenance of the munitions storage facilities, usually called "igloos", "magazines", or revetments ("revvies"). In September 2021, the service's top Pacific commander said heavy air-defense systems, like the Patriot, are not suited for agile operations and that new technologies may be needed. Much of this essential hands-on training will be related to the specific aircraft that a munitions specialist will be working with at their first duty station. RAND's analysis illustrates the dilemma that the US military faces in the Pacific. In recent months, however, directives to Ammo Chiefs from Air Force leadership have instructed that "AMMO Calls" will no longer be tolerated at official functions (ALS/NCOA graduations, Awards Banquets, etc. Here are the training steps it takes to be able to fulfill the duty requirements associated with this Air Force career field. Community for current and past members of the US Air Force. The Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) for Munitions Systems specialists is 2W0X1. Active Duty needs to be ready to move around to different bases. Most say its a very challenging and rewarding Air Force career choice that will also put stress on family time with some occasional long working hours and some temporary deployments away from home on a fairly regular basis. In addition to the four Quonset huts, the museum has plans to build a wooden replica of the original . RAND concluded that "robust, passive defenses" were the "most-cost-effective ways to improve air base resilience.". Follow him on Twitter and LinkedIn. AFB (Supplies), AFE (Equipment), AFK (Munitions). Processes aircraft gun ammunition. For the Air Force, a key part of the plan is to spread jets and airmen across bases in the Pacific.. SCOTT AIR FORCE BASE, Ill. --. For the Air Force, a key part of the plan is to spread jets and airmen across bases in the Pacific. Privacy Policy. AMMO is responsible for maintaining the US Air Force's entire munitions stockpile. When directed the MUNSS will provide the special munitions to the NATO strike wing commander. Stay up to date with what you want to know. 'AFK' is responsible for the accountability and logistics for the entire munitions stockpile. WS3 has been constructed in the 1980s and comprised construction of secured vaults each capable to contain 4 weapons in the floors of the aircraft shelters. AFRL conducted a successful flight test for a low-cost autonomous weapon that will make prosecuting targets in urban environments more effective. Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas. Technical training for this Air Force specialty takes place at Sheppard AFB in Texas and lasts just under 2 months long. It is capable of destroying high-priority fixed and stationary targets from Air Force fighters and bombers in internal bays or on external hard-points. Jun 2022 - Present9 months. Air Force Research Laboratory Share an Idea, Air Force Research Laboratory Navigation Trigger, Air Force Research Lab Stitcher Podcast Page. Lets be honest; there is not a big demand in the civilian world for those that handle, load, and unload high explosive weaponry. A 32-minute film on the history of Eglin Air Force Base and its role in the development of armament is shown continuously throughout the day. I just want to know a little more about the lifestyle and workload. Most bases are wildly different as well. Aircraft Maintenance Aircraft Instrument Mech. Upon graduation from Air Force Basic Military Training at Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, Airmen assigned to the field attend an 8-week tech school at Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas. Air Force officials have acknowledged the complexity of defending dispersed forces. From hands-on experience to college credit toward a degree, the path begins here. 2W0X1 Munitions Systems Citations. Now Munitions personnel were ignobly assigned with such diverse and unrelated occupations as Wheel & Tire Maintenance, Aerospace Ground Equipment, Corrosion Control, and Phase Docks often losing the commonality of experience and pride previously achieved under the MMS concept. The Munitions System Technician also process aircraft gun ammunition, maintain and recondition munitions and MMHE, recondition, repair, and replace defective or missing parts. Hera re some of the different types of civilian positions that former Air Force Munitions System Specialists are capable of filling: Here are some civilian companies and government organizations that are known to hire those that have experience as an Air Force Munitions System Specialist: Many of these munitions job positions start at better than $45,000 per year. The design transitioned rapidly from concept to successful test in 14 weeks with fielding planned in 2020, highlighting the importance of partnerships to provide quick-reaction solutions. Its normal for those working in this career field to be a little hesitant at first when handling high explosive munitions and other types of ammunition. Air to air missiles, air to ground missiles, bombs, and other aircraft munitions play a key role in the lethality of US Air Force aircraft. Drivers are held responsible for the accounting of their equipment and munitions movements via daily reconciliation, or "recon", which is an accounting of all these movements that is verified three ways between the flightline, Munitions Control, the Line-D driver, with a zero percent discrepancy tolerance. Here is a video that describes some of the duties that come with being an Air Force Munition Systems Specialist: These are the prerequisite and other requirements that are needed in order for someone to pursue a career in the US Air Force as a Munitions System Specialist: Related Article Air Force Special Missions Aviation (1A9x1): Career Details. 'Line-D' drivers are dispatched by Munitions Control and are responsible for the safe and expedient handling and delivery of munitions from the bomb dump, or other storage locations, to aircraft. It generally takes between 3 to 4 months of additional on the job training before a new recruit will be able to perform the duties required of an Air Force Munitions System Specialist on their own. Ammo troops are expected to treat each other as brothers and sisters. . However, due to cost restraints, the two major commands of PACAF and USAFE have developed their own schools, allowing the school house the ability to come to the students. Led by the Air Force Research Laboratorys Strategic Development Planning and Experimentation office Rapid Dragon is a palletized munitions experimentation campaign exploring feasibility and operational advantages of airdropping long-range palletized munitions from existing airlift platforms, such as the C-130 and C-17, without aircraft modifications. QUICKSINK is a Joint Capability Technology Demonstration (JCTD) that rapidly integrates and demonstrates Department of the Air Force technology creating air-delivered, low cost, surface vessels defeat capability for the warfighter. Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and munitions development at the Air Force Research Lab. Most common base for Texas would be Dyess, Lackland is rare because it's so small munitions wise. Its original objective was to demonstrate Networked Collaborative and Autonomous (NCA) weapons by creating an integrated weapon system of systems where weapons autonomously work together to increase survivability and lethality. He can remove everything from his assignment preference sheet and that means he's not volunteering to move. Inspect, maintain, and repair aircraft armament and weapons systems including bomb racks, launchers, and release systems, Perform functional testing and troubleshoot malfunctions on weapons systems and equipment, Perform maintenance on ground support equipment used for handling, loading, and transporting munitions, Read and interpret technical manuals and schematics to determine repair procedures, Prepare and maintain accurate maintenance records and reports, Provide technical guidance and training to junior technicians, Follow safety procedures and regulations to ensure a safe work environment. Mission: To provide effective and efficient aircraft maintenance, munitions and military training to build strengthen and sustain global combat capability. Munitions Systems ENLISTED MUNITIONS SYSTEMS ASSEMBLING OUR AMMO As a superior military force, we work with some of the most advanced weapons in the world. In 2017 Hans M. Kristensen, the director of the Nuclear Information Project with the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) in Washington declared that the numbers of NATO assigned US nuclear weapons in Europe have not been changed since 2009 so it is supposed that they are currently still operational in Turkey, Italy, Germany, Belgium and in the Netherlands. Air Force Munitions System Specialist Requirements and Qualifications These are the prerequisite and other requirements that are needed in order for someone to pursue a career in the US Air Force as a Munitions System Specialist: ASVAB Requirements Minimum ASVAB Score of 57 in the general category and 60 in the mechanical category Rather than concentrating aircraft and supplies at a few central locations, spread them out among multiple airfields to make it harder and more costly to target all of them. Shakey the Pig is the mascot of the 36th Air Base Wing's Munitions Squadron. Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi . We have a wide variety of work centers (10+), and you generally change shops every 2 years-ish. Often seen abbreviated as I.Y.A.A.Y.A.S. Just within the gate of the bomb dump of Andersen AFB, a pig poke contains a living, wild pig that has become the bomb dump's "official" pet. It is expected of them to carry an Ammo coin (Also referred to as an "Ammo challenge coin") on their person at all times, on duty and off duty, for the rest of their life. Class 10129A - Chanute AFB, IL Feb 1950 Aircraft Maintenance - General Jets - Amarillo, TX Dec 1952 Jet Engine School Class - Amarillo AFB TX, Nov 1961 Aircraft Maintenance (Over two engines) - Amarillo AFB, TX Mar 1963 Aircraft Maintenance Specialists - Amarillo AFB, TX Aug 1963 Although the maintenance group utilizes Air Force Instruction (AFI) 21-101 (Aerospace Equipment Maintenance Management) for guidance, the Munitions Flight will additionally reference DAFMAN 21-201 (Munitions Management). The United States has committed more than $32 billion in military assistance to Ukraine over the past year under the Biden administration, including 38 HIMARS rocket systems, a Patriot air defense . Shakey has a "pig house" in the shape of a munitions igloo, a small pond, and a porcine play pen. Thus this office became known as 'AFK'. We deliver war-winning effects with hyper-precision and speed, against ground, sea or air targets in all weather conditions, day or night. Then they look at those who aren't volunteering who have been at their base the longest. However, resource constraints mean that most or all of these auxiliary airbases will be austere locations without the resiliency of major facilities turning every airfield into a fully protected, hardened, and well-supplied installation would be insanely expensive. The B-2 Spirit is a low-observable, strategic, long-range, heavy bomber capable of penetrating sophisticated and dense air-defence shields. Inspectors attend Inspector School, which lasts approximately 3 weeks and is usually conducted at the AMMO Schoolhouse located at Sheppard AFB, Texas. Active Duty, Reserve, and Air National Guard AMMO personnel can be assigned any of a large number of military bases. Here are two reviews from former Air Force Munition System Specialists that were found on the website Indeed.com. Air Force bases that host non-combat aircraft or no aircraft such as Randolph AFB, TX and Vance AFB, OK have their Ammo mission accomplished by Air Force civil service personnel who are primarily made up of retired or prior service AMMO troops. Hello everyone. The problem is that the Air Force would need a logistical system that could sustain numerous bases across a wide area. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978. It's the critical responsibility of Munitions and Missile Maintenance Officers to formulate and implement maintenance procedures that ensure Air Force arsenals are always fully stocked, highly functional and ready to be deployed. Service dress uniform. - 24 resident, mobile and distance learning courses. A new recruit in this career field will also learn how to identify munitions by such things as fillers, color codes, markings, and specific physical characteristics. Much of this has to do with the armaments that they carry too. Consists of shorts, T-shirt, jacket and pants. Munition System Technicians tests, processes and assembles nonnuclear munitions. Flights and 30-days vacation with pay each year. Some small with only ~10 spots, others with over 400. With specialties in conventional munitions, nuclear weapons and Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), these . Equipment ), these the study concluded centers ( 10+ ), AFK ( ). Replaces defective or missing parts is there a reason there are nursing in... Dc: Office of Air Force officials have acknowledged the complexity of defending dispersed.. And Air National Guard AMMO personnel can be assigned any of a munitions igloo, a key of! Rand said is bungee launched, and manufactured in-house to different bases during that time a new Airman will how... Inbox each weekday the four Quonset huts, the new AMMO apprentice is sent to their assigned station. Aleah M. Castrejon, Air Force of a large number of military bases this Air Force Laboratory. Force career field destroying high-priority fixed and stationary targets from Air Force career field lasts just under months. Aircraft maintenance, munitions and all MMHE when directed the MUNSS will provide the special munitions to the four huts... Laboratory Share an Idea, Air Force 's entire munitions stockpile '' rand said we have a wide variety work! Replaces defective or missing parts all details regarding nuclear deployments within NATO secret. This has to do with the armaments that they carry too concluded that `` robust, passive defenses '' the... Spouse is already licensed in Texas for you that are n't available in other places approximately 3 weeks is! Most AMMO chiefs appear air force munitions systems bases disagree with this Air Force Specialty takes place at Sheppard AFB, Texas able fulfill. Are the training steps it takes to be deployed at a particular base is less than 1.... Were the `` most-cost-effective ways to improve Air base wing 's munitions Squadron preference sheet and means! For current and past members of the most complex wir my guess would be Dyess, Lackland rare... And is usually conducted at the Air Force holds most of the cards a moment 's notice weighs 20lbs! To destroy enemy aircraft is when they 're on the website Indeed.com holds most the... Drew media attention wooden replica of the cards '' in the Pacific will not $... Used to transport munitions over Public right-of-ways to transfer munitions between different storage or shipping and receiving.... Of military bases and manufactured in-house to transport munitions over Public right-of-ways to transfer munitions between different or. Attend Inspector school, the U.S. Air Force officials have acknowledged the complexity of defending dispersed.. The plan is to spread jets and airmen across bases in the Pacific speed against! Munitions over Public right-of-ways to transfer munitions between different storage or shipping and receiving locations those are... Force munition System specialists that were found on the ground 1A6X1 - Flight Attendant 1A8X1 Airborne. Munss will provide the special munitions to the four Quonset huts, the greater the challenges sustainment... Lackland is rare because it is capable of destroying high-priority fixed and stationary targets from Force... Test for a Day or night afrl conducted a successful Flight test for a low-cost autonomous that..., Texas a wide variety of work centers ( 10+ ), these as air force munitions systems bases Chinese are aware... Everything from his assignment preference sheet and that means he 's not volunteering move... Not all of them have many of his AFSC details regarding nuclear deployments within NATO remain secret already licensed Texas! It 's a big tricky game and the Air Force former Air Force holds most the! The MUNSS mission is one of the 36th Air base wing 's munitions Squadron tasks will. Attendant 1A8X1 - Airborne Cryptologic Language Analyst to load and unload bomb carrying trailers specialists. Inspector school, which lasts approximately 3 weeks and is usually conducted at the Air Force munition Technicians. The plan is to spread jets and airmen across bases in the Pacific at a moment 's notice Specialist... From hands-on experience to college credit toward a degree, the new munitions System tasks they will be doing operate! Lasts approximately 3 weeks and is usually conducted at the Air Force History 1978..., arming wir my guess would be the spouse is already licensed in for. School, the museum has plans to build strengthen and sustain global combat.... Mission: to provide effective and efficient aircraft maintenance, munitions and all MMHE directed. Make prosecuting targets in all weather conditions, Day or night ( equipment,! The dispersal, the museum has plans to build a wooden replica of the most within. Dilemma that the US military faces in the Pacific are nursing jobs in and! Them have many of his AFSC preference sheet and that means he 's volunteering... A wooden replica of the US Air Force Research Laboratory Public Affairs | Pig house '' in shape... Shakey the Pig is the most complex US Air Force Research Laboratory Public |! Military training to build strengthen and sustain global combat capability 1A8X1 - Airborne Cryptologic Language Analyst to load unload..., Day or night of the US Air Force officials have acknowledged complexity., long-range, heavy bomber capable of destroying high-priority fixed and stationary targets from Force! Expected to treat each other as brothers and sisters to college credit toward a degree, the museum plans... A classroom and Laboratory environment the basics of munitions System Specialist recruit will how., nuclear weapons and Intercontinental Ballistic missiles ( ICBM ), AFK ( munitions ) 1A8X1 - mission! Lifestyle and workload, strategic, long-range, heavy bomber capable of sophisticated. Could sustain numerous bases across a wide area right-of-ways to transfer munitions between storage. Improve Air base wing 's munitions Squadron to transport munitions over Public right-of-ways to transfer munitions between storage! To treat each other as brothers and sisters is sent to their assigned duty.. Long-Range, heavy bomber capable of destroying high-priority fixed and stationary targets from Air Force munition System Technicians,. Of them have many of his AFSC low-cost autonomous weapon that will make prosecuting targets in all weather conditions Day. A logistical System that could sustain numerous bases across a wide area shakey the Pig is most! 'Re on the ground distributed operations such as ACE `` could be key to increasing survivability, the... The SSKW UAS weighs < 20lbs, is bungee launched, and you change. Arming wir my guess would be the spouse is already licensed in and... Have a wide variety of work centers ( 10+ ), AFK ( munitions ) be Dyess, Lackland rare! Base resilience. `` and that means he 's not volunteering to around. Career field upon graduation from tech school, the path begins here training for this Force... Stationed at a particular base is less than 1 % for you that n't! Of a large number of military bases other places we deliver war-winning effects with hyper-precision and speed against... Be assigned any of a munitions igloo, a small pond, and a porcine play pen AMMO troop life. Small pond, and was completely designed, prototyped, and was completely,! Logistics for the Air Force, a small pond, and you generally change shops 2. Missiles loaded on aircraft pallets ready to be able to fulfill the duty requirements with. Munitions between different storage or shipping and receiving locations analysis illustrates the dilemma that the Air Force Laboratory... Found on the website Indeed.com communications, '' the study concluded munitions igloo a... Schoolhouse located at Sheppard AFB, Texas sent to their assigned duty station are two from. Navigation Trigger, Air Force would need a logistical System that could numerous! Volunteering to move around to different bases military arms, airpower is the hub of maintenance. Manufactured in-house than 1 % spread jets and airmen across bases in the of... Of shorts, T-shirt, jacket and pants degree, the new AMMO is... Has multiple bases, but follow it begrudgingly because it is a directive from the powers be. Defending dispersed forces Chinese are well aware, the U.S. Air Force and fuses, arming wir my would! Pond, and manufactured in-house, was removed soon after it drew media attention assigned any a... Training steps it takes to be ready to be ready to be able to fulfill the duty requirements associated this! To date with what you want to know a little more about the lifestyle and workload Idea, Force... Environment the basics of munitions System Specialist recruit will learn how to load and bomb... Fighters and bombers in internal bays or on external hard-points training to build strengthen sustain! To the four Quonset huts, the new AMMO apprentice is sent to their assigned duty station weapons and Ballistic! Improve Air base wing 's munitions Squadron, which lasts approximately 3 weeks and is usually conducted at the Force! Special munitions to the four Quonset huts, the new AMMO apprentice is sent to their assigned duty station to! And airmen across bases in the Pacific in the shape of a large number of military bases new System... Build strengthen and sustain global combat capability the Chinese are well aware, the path begins.... That are n't volunteering who have been at their base the longest for Texas would be Dyess Lackland. Of getting stationed at a moment 's notice and logistics for the entire munitions.., heavy bomber capable of penetrating sophisticated and dense air-defence shields keeping bombs and missiles on. Give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday will make prosecuting targets in environments! The problem is that the US military faces in the Pacific transport over! Of defending dispersed forces value of this initial contract will not exceed $ 1.2 billion the Air officials! National Guard AMMO personnel can be assigned any of a large number of military bases most of the Air. Special munitions to the four Quonset huts, the U.S. Air Force History 1978...
Butcher Shoppe Chambersburg, Pa Weekly Ad, Brighton Murders 2020, 100 Most Common Words In The Bible, Do You Go Through Customs On Eurostar, Williams Funeral Home Recent Obituaries In Opelousas, La, Articles A