Imprimatur. Athanasius asserts that the final act at Jerusalem had been Eusebius's aim all along; all the accusations against himself had tended to get him out of the road in order that the rehabilitation of the Arians might be effected. They carefully avoided renewing the accusations of murder and sacrilege, which Constantine had already examined; and Athanasius tells us that five Egyptian bishops reported to him that they rested their case on a new charge, that he had threatened to delay the corn ships from Alexandria which supplied Constantinople. Julius wrote again, fixing the end of the year (339) as the term for their arrival. Eusebius of Nicomedia. By the point Constantine devoted Nova Roma, the controversy was in full swing. About this page +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York. He was convicted, not without grounds, of Sabellianizing, and took refuge in Rome. They did not publicly recall the signatures that had been forced from them. ; GWATKIN, Studies of Arianism 2nd ed. The Alexandrian Arians had now signed an ambiguous formula of submission, and Eusebius of Nicomedia wrote to Athanasius, asking him to reinstate them, adding a verbal message of threats. . In it the heretic explains his views clearly enough, and appeals to his correspondent as to a "fellow Lucianist". The banishment of Athanasius came after a series of synods and events largely attended and controlled by Arian prelates. They detained the legates until the fixed time had elapsed, and sent them back in January 340, with a letter full of studied and ironical politeness, of which Sozomen had preserved us the tenor. ); IDEM, Tracts theological and ecclesiastical (1874); HEFELE, History of the Councils. Constantine in consequence wrote a letter to the patriarch declaring him innocent. He became Bishop of Berytus but managed to get a transfer to the See of Nicomedia, which was the residence of the Eastern Emperor Licinius. Athanasius, after addressing a protest to the whole Church against the methods of Eusebius, managed to escape with his life, and at once made his way to Rome to obey the pope's summons. Influence in the Imperial family as well as the Imperial court May 1, 1909. This article was transcribed for New Advent by C.A. Sources. Constantine tried to achieve an understanding between the parties but found this not possible. Eusebius van Nicomedia priester uit Oude Rome (300-341) Eusebius von Nikomedia Bischof von Nikomedia und Patriarch von Konstantinopel. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05623b.htm. And when the Emperor, his thoughts poisoned in opposition to Athanasius by Eusebius of Nicomedia and others, ordered the Bishop of Alexandria to readmit Arius to the communion of that church, Athanasius refused. Arrangement was effected between them by which all the exiled bishops returned, and Athanasius came back to his flock. Until 337 the Eusebians were busy obtaining, by calumny, the deposition of the bishops who supported the Nicene faith. Then, following the example of the “general” council at Arles that met to settle the case of the Donatists, Constantine summoned a council of the bishops from all his dominions to settle the dispute over Arianism. And when the Emperor, his thoughts poisoned in opposition to Athanasius by Eusebius of Nicomedia and others, ordered the Bishop of Alexandria to readmit Arius to the communion of that church, Athanasius refused. By the point Constantine devoted Nova Roma, the controversy was in full swing. And when the Emperor, his thoughts poisoned towards Athanasius by Eusebius of Nicomedia and others, ordered the Bishop of Alexandria to readmit Arius to the communion of that church, Athanasius refused. The saint returned to his Church with a letter from Constantine, in which the emperor sermonized the Alexandrians after his wont, urging them to peace and unity. The bishop of Nicomedia and his friends put forward an Arian confession of faith, but it had only about seventeen supporters from among three hundred members of the council, and it was hooted by the majority. And when the Emperor, his thoughts poisoned in opposition to Athanasius by Eusebius of Nicomedia and others, ordered the Bishop of Alexandria to readmit Arius … Montgomery. Imprimatur. Gregorius succeeded Eusebius of Nicomedia at Berytus (Beyrout), on the translation of the latter to Nicomedia. He was a pupil, at Antioch, of Lucian the Martyr, in whose famous school he learned his Arian doctrines. H.E. May 1, 1909. They explained that Arius had repented on any excess in his words, or had been misunderstood. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Bishop, place and date of birth unknown; d. 341. He was a pupil at Antioch of Lucian the Martyr, in whose famous school he learned his Arian doctrines. Eusebius then joined hands with the Meletians, and induced them to trump up charges against Athanasius. His brothers and all but two of his nephews were at once murdered, in order to simplify the succession, and the world was divided between his three sons. Tag Archives: Eusebius of Nicomedia Eusebius of Nicomedia. They sent to the pope and embassy of two priests and a deacon, who carried with them the decisions of the council of Tyre and the supposed proofs of the guilt of Athanasius of which the accused himself had been unable to get a sight. At the council Eusebius and his friends put forward an Arian confession of faith. The Egyptian bishops had drawn up a protest, attributing all that had been done at Tyre to a conspiracy between Eusebius and the Meletians and Arians, the enemies of the Church. Nihil Obstat. It is one of the finest letters written by any pope, and lays bare all the deceits of Eusebius, which is as unsparing as it is dignified. More than eighty attended, and sent Julius a complete defense of their patriarch. Eusebius prevented any of the bishops at Jerusalem from going to Constantinople, save those he could trust, Eusebius of Cæsarea, Theognis of Nicæa, Patrophilus of Scythopolis and the two young Pannonian bishops Ursacius and Valens, who were to continue Eusebius's policy long after his death. Eusebius then joined hands with the Meletians, and induced them to trump up charges against Athanasius. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. But the question of the broken chalice was not dropped and the Meletians further got hold of a bishop named Arsenius, whom they kept in hiding while they declared that Athanasius had put him to death; they carried about a severed hand, which they said was Arsenius's cut off by the patriarch for the purpose of magic. The Roman council met in the autumn of 340. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. The traditional belief that Rome had been schooled by the Apostles, and had always been the metropolis of the Faith is interesting in the mouths of those who were denying his right to interfere in the East, in a matter of jurisdiction; for it is to be remembered that neither then, or at any time, was Athanasius accused of heresy. They were the leaders of a much larger party of conservative prelates, who wished to stand well with the emperor, who reverenced the martyr Lucian and the great Origen, and were seriously alarmed at any danger of Sabellianism. Eusebius died, full of years and honors, probably soon after the council; At all events he was dead before that of Sardica. In Nicomedia he was well favored by Licinius’ wife Constantia, who was the sister of Constantine. Nikomédiai Euszebiosz <>Nikomédie, Eusebios, -341. Tr. As a result several months after the council Constantine exiled Eusebius and Arius, Also, he sent Theognis, Bishop of Nicea, into exile accusing him of supporting Licinius. His creatures satin the sees of Alexandria and Antioch. Constantius, who was now Lord of all the East, was but twenty years old. It is probably that the letter did not trouble Eusebius much, safe as he was in the emperor's favor. It was also said the Athanasius had assisted a certain Philumenus to conspire against the emperor, and had given him a bag of gold. In the case of the Donatists, he had obtained a decision from a "general" council, at Arles of all the bishops of his then dominions. They were the leaders of a much larger party of conservative prelates, who wished to stand well with the emperor, who reverenced the martyr Lucian and the great Origen, and were seriously alarmed at any danger of Sabellianism. Constantine ostentatiously declared at the council went no further than the guardianship of the bishops, but Eusebius of Cæsarea makes it clear that he spoke on the theological question. FAQs, Catholic Encyclopedia: Eusebius of Nicomedia, https://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Eusebius_of_Nicomedia&oldid=106854. Extricating himself with difficulty from the assembly, he led away his Egyptians, and betook himself directly to Constantinople, where he accosted the emperor abruptly, and demanded justice. Nihil Obstat. He was bishop of the imperial city, and the young emperor obeyed his counsels. However, by 328, Eusebius, as well as Arius, was back from exile, perhaps through the intervention of Constantia, Licinius' widow. He had been having an animated controversy with Eusebius of Cæsarea, in which he had accused that learned person of polytheism, while Eusebius retorted with a charge of Sabellianism. Eusebius of Nicomedia By the point Constantine devoted Nova Roma, the controversy was in full swing. As bishop of the area of Constantine’s residence, Eusebius baptized Constantine in May 337. Eusebius was a pupil of Lucian the Martyr, in whose school Eusebius learned the doctrines that came to be called Arianism. This is pure Arianism, borrowed from the letters of Arius himself, and possibly more definite than the doctrine of St. Lucian. The Alexandrian Arians had now signed an ambiguous formula of submission, and Eusebius of Nicomedia wrote to Athanasius, asking him to reinstate them, adding a verbal message of threats. A letter in this sense to the patriarch was ineffectual; so Constantine preferred the side of authority, and wrote an angry rebuke to Arius. Remy Lafort, Censor. He became Bishop of Berytus; but from ambitious motives he managed to get transferred, contrary to the canons of the early Church, to the see of Nicomedia, the residence of the Eastern Emperor Licinius, with whose wife, Constantia, sister of Constantine, he was in high favor. Eustathius was deposed and exiled, for alleged disrespectful expressions about the emperor's mother, St. Helena, who was greatly devoted to the memory of St. Lucian. (Edinburgh, 1876), II; REYNOLDS in Dict. iii. (1570), 327-42; TILLEMONT(1699), VI; NEWMAN, The Arians of the Fourth Century(1833etc. His work lived after him. Eusebius of Nicomedia had bad luck. Please consider supporting OrthodoxWiki. Transcription. Eusebius of Nicomedia, (died c. 342), an important 4th-century Eastern church bishop who was one of the key proponents of Arianism (the doctrine that Jesus Christ is not of the same substance as God) and who eventually became the leader of an Arian group called the Eusebians. The Arians, who were ready to disguise their doctrine to some extent, were therefore able to obtain from him a favor, which he denied to the few uncompromising Catholics who rejected his generalities. Deputies came to complain of the violence at Alexandria. In 339, having strengthened his position with the emperor and through his intrigues at the court, Eusibius engineered his appointment as Archbishop of Constantinople by expelling Paul I of Constantinople. It is probably that the letter did not trouble Eusebius much, safe as he was in the emperor's favor. For they declared that the earlier Eastern bishops had made no objection when Novatian was driven out of the Roman Church. The emperor was enraged. They admitted in this letter that Rome was always honored as the school of the Apostles, and the metropolis of the Faith from the beginning, although its teachers had settled in it form the East. Eusebius wanted him no further, and hence did not care to protect him. BARONIUS, Ann. With Constantine’s death, the twenty year old Constantius II became emperor of the East. The Catholic Encyclopedia. But the banishment of the intriguer lasted only two years. This article was transcribed for New Advent by C.A. Thus it was not Athanasius who appealed to the pope, but the Eusebians, and that simply as a means of withdrawing from an awkward predicament. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Eusebius of Nicomedia was initially bishop of Berytus (modern day Beirut) in Phoenicia. Chapman, John. Eusebius of Nicomedia (yo͞osē`bēəs, nĭkōmē`dēə), d. 342, Christian churchman and theologian, leader of the heresy of Arianism Arianism, Christian heresy founded by Arius in the 4th cent. Archevêque de Constantinople : installée: 339: mandat a pris fin: 341: Détails personnels ; Dénomination: christianisme arien: À ne pas confondre avec Eusèbe de Césarée. Arius died suddenly under peculiarly humiliating conditions on the eve of the day appointed for his solemn restoration to Catholic communion in the Cathedral of New Rome. He was bishop of the imperial city, and the young emperor obeyed his counsels. It is one of the finest letters written by any pope, and lays bare all the deceits of Eusebius, which is as unsparing as it is dignified. These attempts were orchestrated by Eusebius to discredit Athanasius and return Arians to positions of authority in the church, but were largely unsuccessful. Eusebius of Nicomedia By the point Constantine devoted Nova Roma, the controversy was in full swing. The see of Alexandria had remained vacant during the absence of Athanasius. Aetius, Bishop of Lydda, (the Lydda of the Acts, on the plain of Sharon, now Ludd, the city of El-Khudr, who is identified with St. George), died soon after the Arian Synod of Antioch, a.d. 330 (Philost. He had hoped, he says, to cover the matter in silence, "but Eusebius, who is now at Nicomedia, considering the Church's affairs to be in his hands, because he has not been condemned for having left Berytus and for having coveted the Church of Nicomediam is the leader of these apostates, and has sent round a document in their support, in order that he might seduce some of the ignorant into this disgraceful heresy. Eusebius of Nicomedia (died 341) was the man who baptised Constantine the Great. The baptism occurred only a few days before Constantine died on May 22, 337. Tr. For they declared that the earlier Eastern bishops had made no objection when Novatian was driven out of the Roman Church. The Roman council met in the autumn of 340. By 329 he was in high favor with the emperor with whom he may have had some kind of a relationship, since Ammianus Marcellinus makes him a relative of Julian. He now summoned a larger council, from around the world of which his victorious arms had made him master. The pope consented on the grounds that in the case of one of the chief churches, such as Alexandria, it was right and customary that the matter should be referred to him. In response to these letters, Alexander sent letters to many bishops warning them of the heresy taught by Arius and Eusebius. The Meletian schism, in Egypt, had only been partially healed by the mild measures decreed at Nicæa, and the schismatics were giving trouble. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. This page was last edited on February 25, 2012, at 15:41. And when the Emperor, his thoughts poisoned in opposition to Athanasius by Eusebius of Nicomedia and others, ordered the Bishop of Alexandria to readmit Arius to the communion of that church, Athanasius refused. As the bishop of the eastern imperial city, Eusebius enjoyed a certain degree of prestige. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. More than this, it may be said that the world suffers to this day from the evil wrought by this worldly bishop. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.CONTACT US | ADVERTISE WITH NEW ADVENT. The Eusebians were the first to try to get Rome and the West on their side. At his suggestion, the Coucil of Tyre was ordered to come before the emperor. By the point Constantine devoted Nova Roma, the controversy was in full swing. Eusebius of Nicomedia By the point Constantine devoted Nova Roma, the controversy was in full swing. Noté /5. His accusers took good care not to appear. If Epiphanius is right in calling him an old man even before Nicæa he must now have reached a great age. The Arians, who were ready to disguise their doctrine to some extent, were therefore able to obtain from him a favor, which he denied to the few uncompromising Catholics who rejected his generalities. This was precisely what the followers of Arius had been making an … The priests fled, and the deacon could think of nothing better than to beg Julius to call a council, and be judge himself. He appeared to have been distantly related to the family of Emperor Constantine. Eusebius now claimed to put the Synod of Tyre in force, and a rival bishop was set up in the person of Pistus, one of the Arian priests whom Alexander had long ago excommunicated. On 22 May, 337 Constantine the Great died at Nicomedia, after having been baptized by Eusebius, bishop of the place. Until now the East alone had been concerned. The great see of Alexandria was filled in 328 by the deacon Athanasius, who had taken a leading part in Nicæa. The priests fled, and the deacon could think of nothing better than to beg Julius to call a council, and be judge himself. He was originally appointed bishop in the see of Berytus (Beirut) in Phoenicia. Eusebius had stood apart from all these false accusations, and he was not disheartened by so many failures. Athanasius induced Ischyras to sign a document denying the former charge, and managed to discover the whereabouts of Arsenius. Athanasius brought some fifty bishops with him, but they had not been summoned, and were not allowed to sit with the rest. The synods was tumultuous, and even the Count Dionysius, who had come with soldiers to support the Eusebians thought the proceedings unfair. He was later appointed the bishopric of Nicomedia around 317, which was about the same time that Licinius took up residence in the city. This article was transcribed for New Advent by C.A. The council, which became known as the First Ecumenical Council, met in Nicea in 325. The saint returned to his Church with a letter from Constantine, in which the emperor sermonized the Alexandrians after his wont, urging them to peace and unity. Athanasius explained why he could not do this, and the emperor seems to have been satisfied. They reproached Julius with having communicated with Athanasius, and complained that this was an insult to their synod, and that their condemnation of him was made null; and they urged that this was unjust and contrary to ecclesiastical law. A deputation was sent to Mareotis to inquire into the question of Ischyras and the chalice, and the chief enemies of Athanasius were chosen for the purpose. His date and place of birth are not known. It was also said the Athanasius had assisted a certain Philumenus to conspire against the emperor, and had given him a bag of gold. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05623b.htm He was convicted, not without grounds, of Sabellianizing, and took refuge in Rome. This page has been accessed 27,080 times. MLA citation. Standard. We learn from it what Eusebius's doctrine was at this time: the Son he says is "not generated from the substance of the Father", but He is "other in nature and power"; He was created, and this is not inconsistent with his Sonship, for the wicked are called sons of God (Isaiah 1:2; Deuteronomy 32:18) and so are even the drops of dew (Job 38:28); He was begotten by God's free will. This was disproved, but Athanasiuis himself was sent for to the court. He was a pupil at Antioch of Lucian the Martyr, in whose famous school he learned his Arian doctrines. September 7, 2020 / bepo2. In the case of Marcellus they had received considerable provocation. Of these the best known are Paul of Constantinople, Aselepas of Gaza, and Marcellus Metropolitan of Ancyra. Arius died suddenly under peculiarly humiliating conditions on the eve of the day appointed for his solemn restoration to Catholic communion in the Cathedral of New Rome. The synods was tumultuous, and even the Count Dionysius, who had come with soldiers to support the Eusebians thought the proceedings unfair. Eusebius prevented any of the bishops at Jerusalem from going to Constantinople, save those he could trust, Eusebius of Cæsarea, Theognis of Nicæa, Patrophilus of Scythopolis and the two young Pannonian bishops Ursacius and Valens, who were to continue Eusebius's policy long after his death. The Meletian schism, in Egypt, had only been partially healed by the mild measures decreed at Nicæa, and the schismatics were giving trouble. And when the Emperor, his thoughts poisoned in opposition to Athanasius by Eusebius of Nicomedia and others, ordered the Bishop of Alexandria to readmit Arius to the communion of that church, Athanasius refused. And when the Emperor, his thoughts poisoned towards Athanasius by Eusebius of Nicomedia and others, ordered the Bishop of Alexandria to readmit Arius to the communion of that church, Athanasius refused. It is said that it was Constantia, the widow of Licinius, who induced Constantine to recall Arius, and it is probable that she was also the cause of the return of her old friend Eusebius. Euzebiusz z Nikomedii patriarcha Konstantynopola, teolog chrześcijański. The Eusebians were the first to try to get Rome and the West on their side. APA citation. Eusebius of Caesarea (/ j uː ˈ s iː b i ə s /; Greek: Εὐσέβιος τῆς Καισαρείας, Eusébios tés Kaisareías; AD 260/265 – 339/340), also known as Eusebius Pamphili (from the Greek: Εὐσέβιος τοῦ Παμϕίλου), was a historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist.He became the … Eusebius of Nicomedia. Eusebius of Nicomedia, BISHOP, place and date of birth unknown; d. 341. The campaign opened with a successful attack on Eustathius of Antioch, the principal prelate of the East properly so called. They reproached Julius with having communicated with Athanasius, and complained that this was an insult to their synod, and that their condemnation of him was made null; and they urged that this was unjust and contrary to ecclesiastical law. The latter summoned a council of his suffragans. Arius, after his condemnation by Alexander of Alexandria, took refuge at Caesarea and asked for and received support from Eusebius, whom Arius noted as a “fellow Lucianist.” Arius had also been a pupil of Lucian. Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Small in stature, and young in years, he was at the head of a singularly united body of nearly a hundred bishops, and his energy and vivacity, his courage and determination marked him out as the one foe the Eusebians had to dread. The Meletians then brought up a charge which did duty for many years, that he had ordered a priest named Macaarius to overturn an altar and break up a chalice belonging to a priest named Ischyras, in the Mareotis, though in fact Ischyras had never been a priest, and at the time alleged could not have been pretending to say Mass, for he was ill in bed. . Again the accusers were refuted and put to flight. "Eusebius of Nicomedia." The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. Eusebius of Nicomedia had bad luck. Chapman, J. 12), and is to be distinguished from the arch-Arian Aetius, Julian's friend, who survived till a.d. … Transcription. Whether Eusebius believed fully in Arianism may be open to question, but clearly his politics were of self-aggrandizement as he used intrigues within the imperial court to gain the position of archbishop of the imperial capital. Deputies came to complain of the violence at Alexandria. He may really have believed Arian doctrine, but clearly his chief aim had ever been his own aggrandizement, and the humiliation of those who had humbled him at Nicæa. They dropped the Nicene formulæ as ambiguous. His brothers and all but two of his nephews were at once murdered, in order to simplify the succession, and the world was divided between his three sons. Never himself an Arian, Constantius held orthodoxy to lie somewhere between Arianism and the Nicene faith. They did not publicly recall the signatures that had been forced from them. It is true that by the death of Constantine II, Constans, the protector of orthodoxy, had inherited his dominions, and was now far more powerful than Constantius. He later became Bishop of Nicomedia before finally becoming Archbishop of Constantinople. Constantine the Younger, however, declared later that his father had intended to save Athanasius from his enemies by sending him away, and that before dying he had had the intention of restoring him. His work lived after him. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. And when the Emperor, his thoughts poisoned in opposition to Athanasius by Eusebius of Nicomedia and others, ordered the Bishop of Alexandria to readmit Arius to the communion of that church, Athanasius refused. The arrival of Athanasius's envoys bearing his letter struck terror into the minds of the ambassadors of the Eusebians. Constantius, who was now Lord of all the East, was but twenty years old. Enraged Constantine banished Athanasius. . He got the Meletians to demand a synod, and represented to Constantine that it would be right for peace to be obtained before the assembling of many bishops, at Jerusalem, to celebrate the dedication of the new Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The Meletians then brought up a charge which did duty for many years, that he had ordered a priest named Macaarius to overturn an altar and break up a chalice belonging to a priest named Ischyras, in the Mareotis, though in fact Ischyras had never been a priest, and at the time alleged could not have been pretending to say Mass, for he was ill in bed. It was Eusebius who baptized Constantine in May 337. Eusebius also formed alliances with other kindred groups, such as the Meletians, and worked to expel many of his opponents. It was one of the most widespread and divisive heresies in the history of Christianity. His brothers and all but two of his nephews were at once murdered, in order to simplify the succession, and the world was divided between his three sons. He refused to await their judgement. This was to be consummated at length at Constantinople, but the designs of man were frustrated by the hand of God. He had arrived at the summit of his hopes. The Alexandrian Arians had now signed an ambiguous formula of submission, and Eusebius of Nicomedia wrote to Athanasius, asking him to reinstate them, adding a verbal message of threats. The best known among them were Eusebius of Nicomedia (called by Arius the brother of Eusebius of Cæsarea), Eusebius of Emesa, and Eusebius of Samosata. Second edition: volume 5, pages 454-455 (Eusebius of Nicomedia; fourth-century bishop, leader of the anti-Nicene reaction and proponent of Arianism; died circa 341. Pistus was not a success, and Constantius introduced by violence a certain Gregory, a Cappadocian, in his place. He was bishop of Nicomedia (330–39) and patriarch of Constantinople (339–42); Eusebius was powerful because of his influence with Roman Emperor Constantine I and particularly with the emperor's son, Constantius II. Euzebije Nikomedijski. Finally, in front of Constantine, Athanasius was confronted with reports, which he was not allowed to refute, that he threatened to delay shipments of corn (wheat) from Alexandria to Constantinople. They first pretended that he had invented a tribute of linen garments, which he extracted. He says: Having assembled at Antioch, they wrote an answer to Julius, elaborately worded and rhetorically composed, full of irony, and containing terrible threats. The arrival of Athanasius's envoys bearing his letter struck terror into the minds of the ambassadors of the Eusebians. At Tyre he had refused to condemn Athanasius, and he presented a book to the emperor in which the Eusebians received harsh words. Arrangement was effected between them by which all the exiled bishops returned, and Athanasius came back to his flock. Eustathius was deposed and exiled, for alleged disrespectful expressions about the emperor's mother, St. Helena, who was greatly devoted to the memory of St. Lucian. Vol. At Tyre he had refused to condemn Athanasius, and he presented a book to the emperor in which the Eusebians received harsh words. It is true that by the death of Constantine II, Constans, the protector of orthodoxy, had inherited his dominions, and was now far more powerful than Constantius. This claim of independence is a first sign of the breach which began with the foundation of Constantinople as New Rome, and which ended in the complete separation of that city and all its dependencies from Catholic communion. ; LOOFS IN HERZOG, .Realencycl. He wished to manage the Church, and he seems to have fallen a prey to the arts of the old intriguer Eusebius, so that the rest of his foolish and obstinate life was spent in persecuting Athanasius, and in carrying out Eusebius's policy. The Eusebians were not represented, but many Easterns, their victims, who had taken refuge at Rome, were there from Thrace, Cœls-Syria, Phœnicia and Palestine, besides Athanasius and Marcellus. At the wish of the council the pope wrote a long letter to the Eusebians. He had trained a group of prelates who continued his intrigues, and who followed the court from place to place throughout the reign of Constantius.

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