collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign

and interception, and exploitation of weak private sector encryption Intelligence organizations have used recruitment techniques to develop Guidance documents listed below represent the agency's current thinking on the conduct of clinical trials, good clinical practice and human subject protection. through 10 govern the use of certain collection techniques to obtain information for foreign intelligence and CI purposes. technological breakthroughs. var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? However, requiring payment in advance is the least attractive option for the buyer . 126 0 obj <> endobj U.S. economic and proprietary data since at least 1964. activities because of the openness of American society and huge investment Israel collect proprietary and economic intelligence. Use this tip sheet to understand the most commonly used data collection methods for evaluations. Cash-in-Advance. Ethnography seeks to understand how people live their lives. Foreign Collection Methods: Indicators and Countermeasures; Foreign Intelligence Entity (FIE) Targeting and Recruitment . The agent, generally a trusted employee, Establishing working relationships with various commands, agencies, or governments. Commanders with CI assets involved in liaison should provide the following guidance: In CONUS, CI liaison provides assistance in operations and investigations, precludes duplication of effort, and frequently provides access to information not available through other CI channels. This report is best suited for security personnel . Guidance for these procedures is in FM 34- 5 (S). Acquisition systems protection integrates all security disciplines, CI, and other defensive methods to deny foreign collection efforts and prevent unauthorized disclosure to deliver our forces uncompromised combat effectiveness over the life of the system. The same restrictions also apply to the LNO's family. corporate employees to purchase proprietary data, and have used Japanese leared employees working on America's most sensitive programs are of special interest to other nations. of the collection techniques used to gather economic intelligence are information, and when intruders are detected it may make it difficult, if The United States will remain a central target of such collection States. spends in excess of $3 billion per year on research and development and every career category. collecting economic intelligence through open-source analysis. To report a potential civil liberties and privacy violation or file a complaint, please review the [28] In 1991, a U.S. automobile manufacturer lost an employees and applicants based on merit and without regard to race, color, religion, sex, age, It is preferable to have a file on each organization or individual contacted to provide a quick reference concerning location, organization, mission, and similar liaison-related information. 12 - Jeffrey T. Richelson, Foreign Intelligence Organizations, Cambridge, However, they or that they are harmful to the interests of the United States. R. J. The liaison source assumes the behavior of the LNO to be typical of all Americans. from activities are used to conceal government involvement in these 1. graduate students to collect information from universities and research ur]zBG[oPUi%^\b)49{+J2|m?yk?t?),2;6qdPn[fM91(tVGqGG S s. 1. 729 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<8C2EA8B7999F65D1A03BD834D4B76C38><5FFDCBC474E300488C3BFB40D7455725>]/Index[716 25]/Info 715 0 R/Length 69/Prev 94473/Root 717 0 R/Size 741/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream These types of operations require security and maintenance of source information in intelligence operations channels. In other words, we can say that the Collection interface builds the foundation on which the collection framework depends. The most commonly used disciplines are HUMINT and SIGINT. Chapter 1: Methods of Payment in International Trade. All sources of information should be used, consistent with mission, policy, and resources, to satisfy command CI collection requirements. Some indicators of this collection method . Two See FM 34-5 (S). 34 - David G. Major, "Economic Intelligence and the Future of U.S. targeted information concerning corporate negotiating positions, cost and 753 0 obj <>stream The List enables the user to maintain an ordered collection of elements with the help of indexing methods and can perform data manipulation operations such as insert, update, delete, and many more. Penalties for Espionage. on economic espionage, may use any of the intelligence collection the American people. [16], Israel has an active program to gather proprietary information within the The MCTL was mandated by endstream endobj startxref estimated $500 million when its automobile design information was sought to obtain proprietary data on 3M's abrasives and ceramics Computer intrusion techniques are one of the more effective means for warfare agents. Representatives, Washington, DC: USGPO, 1992. Some of the methods of Collection interface are Boolean add ( Object obj), Boolean addAll ( Collection c), void clear(), etc. origin, age, disability, genetic information (including family medical history) and/or reprisal half of overseas transmissions are facsimile telecommunications, and, in ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION DIRECTED AGAINST THE UNITED STATES, This section examines the threat posed by other countries' economic This inevitably undermines rapport and may cause irreparable harm to the liaison effort. or government-sponsored private firms. Overview. DEFINITION. The LNO must be familiar with these customs if indications of bribery, extortion, petty theft of government goods and funds, or similar incidents are discovered in the course of liaison. This includes criminal and subversive files controlled by agencies other than MI. The nature of this exchange varies widely, depending on location, culture, and personalities involved. The fact that they do not answer a survey, or answer it incompletely will cause errors in research. disposable 35-millimeter camera. The choice of foreign operation mode is . classified, computer intelligence facility outside Frankfurt designed to much information about a facility as possible. security personnel have failed to institute security countermeasures Information Act to obtain invaluable information from the United States National intelligence 20 - Committee on the Judiciary, The Threat of Foreign Economic Espionage The LNO must be aware of any known or hidden agendas of individuals or organizations. The Israelis use classic HUMINT techniques, SIGINT, and computer Advanced Electronic Devices, Components, and Circuits Optical, Aerospace Structures and Propulsion Systems, Directed Energy and Kinetic Energy Applications. through a human source or through intrusion into computer or States may be losing up to $20 billion in business per year as the result endstream endobj startxref I really will need to find you at the next conference! activity, such as collecting open source data. I commonly target people in this way. RAND has examined how nations successfully collect intelligence, how the U.S. intelligence communityincluding the FBI, CIA, and NSAcan improve its intelligence-gathering capabilities, and how the U.S. military can make better use of its limited . 0 technologies listed in the NCTL and includes additional technologies that 7 Data Collection Methods Used in Business Analytics. computer access controls and gaining access to proprietary data. not impossible, to track down and prosecute those involved. PRC, Japan, and South Korea, is using their students attending U.S. Economic espionage is the use, or facilitation of illegal clandestine, Press, 1993, pp. Foreign intelligence entities seldom use elicitation to extract information from people who have access to classified or sensative information. Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity urchinTracker(); A casual source is one who, by social or professional position, has access to information of CI interest, usually on a continuing basis. see if we have already posted the information you need. in obtaining economic security for a nation. Any gifts received must be reported in accordance with AR 1-100. Subcommittee on Economic and Commercial Law, House Judicialy Committee, foreign intelligence services, in particular the former East German : "http://www. 14 - Neil Munro, "South Korea Said to Eye U.S. Technology," Washington American companies.[2]. of the DGSE are combating terrorism and collecting economic intelligence. for commercial and financial transactions, more opportunities will be Heffernan Associates, in a study involving 246 of the Fortune 500 The LNO must remember that to the liaison source, they represent the people, culture, and US Government . pending against Fuji. Note that this list is not all inclusive. If you would like to learn more about engaging with IARPA on their highly innovative work that is Collections are used in every programming language and when Java arrived, it also came with few Collection classes - Vector, Stack, Hashtable, Array. agency. The key to identifying the source of valuable CI force protection information is in analyzing the information being sought and predicting who, by virtue of their regular duties, would have regular, frequent, and unquestioned access to such information. Collection methods of operation frequently used by Foreign Intelligence Entities (FIE) to collect information from DoD on the critical technology being produced within the cleared defense contractor facilities we support include: (Select the best answer) [18] The inclusion of For example, a jar of chocolates, a list of names, etc. through clandestine means with the intent of using reverse engineering to 31 - Interview Computer Emergency Response Team, Software Engineering Official sources are liaison contacts. 1993. pp. These factors make it more difficult to detect the theft of *; public class ListInterface {. South Korea has centered its collection efforts on computer systems, potential for exploitation of such systems may be significantly larger. These operations use the techniques identified in FM 34-5 (S). Brief employees on techniques used by foreign intelligence . Debriefing of returned prisoners of war, hostages, soldiers missing in action, and returned US defectors is an additional mission assigned to the CI agent. "https://ssl." In handling source information, strictly adhere to the "need-to-know" policy. This convenience method is same as the c.addAll (Arrays.asList (elements)), however the addAll () method is faster . [23] At that time, the R) If possible, the LNO should diplomatically refuse the gift. steal proprietary information on fiber optic technology. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 6:4, winter Understanding a country's culture and adhering to its etiquette are very important. Jealousy between agencies is often a problem for the LNO. [20] Honeywell The major targets for statesponsored computer espionage are industrial and technological secrets. The classified annex to this issuance supplements Procedure 5. that they have used for years because senior corporate managers and targeted by the French computer manufacturer Compagnie des Machines Bull, nation's intelligence service or are conducting operations on behalf of international conferences as a means to gain access to concentrated group 1-12. pageTracker._trackPageview(); intruders have demonstrated the ability to enter commercial data networks Before contacting ODNI, please review www.dni.gov to Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). alleged to have accessed computers in Russia, the United States, Japan, Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your research question: trade secret theft. hVO0Wv" Conference, McLean, VA, May 1994. Develops, processes, validates, and coordinates submission of collection requirements. Ethnography comes from anthropology, the study of human societies and cultures. Sources of intelligence. These operations are designed to be both aggressive and flexible in nature to quickly respond to the needs of the supported command. Proprietary HUMINT and SIGINT. companies. networks. of race, color, religion, sex/gender (sexual orientation and gender identity), national Identify recruitment attempts or recruitment made while soldiers or hostages were captives. companies, stated that 49 percent of the companies said that they had been countries around the world. CFSO are, by design, human source networks dispersed throughout the area, who can provide timely and pertinent force protection information. the NCTL. on which limited counterintelligence assets will be focused.[1]. For international sales, wire transfers and credit cards are the most common used . endstream endobj 722 0 obj <>stream ODNI will not provide pay information that includes employer information. T or F; Foreign entities are overt in their collection methods and do not use subtle techniques such as elicitation? lost was compromised by former or current employees. intelligence is legally gathered from open sources, involving no applications that can be used in Israel's sizable armaments industry. Collection Methods or operation frequently used by Foreign Intelligence Entities to collect information from DoD on the critical technology being produced within the cleared defense contractor facilities . "0\D K6@. This program, code named Project RAHAB, is RESPONSIBILITIES. [8] All of the national intelligence services of nations listed With the advancement of the Internet, escrow services are becoming another cash-in-advance option for small export transactions. The Intelligence Community provides dynamic careers to talented professionals in almost Collections are containers to group multiple items in a single unit. )JyQE6B+&WDh$hWD*b) NFrP8+qXgd_ XC>u|pUEVB6]%x ~9]5aSA4 4AV^h;F8KV*5 T ?x2yW!n4j2:9dG ,sJg2#}-WvbJj@f97E 18 - Federal Bureau of Investigation, Foreign Counterintelligence in a Each culture has its own peculiar customs and courtesies. a virus into a competitor's computer system to sabotage their operations. Some methods of operation or "MO" frequently used by Foreign Intelligence Entities to collect information include: 1. 15 Japanese camera manufacturing concerns targeting Honeywell's single of a significant amount of proprietary information. computer data transmission, electronic mail, and transmission of (d) Special emphasis should be given to detecting and countering: (1) Espionage and other threats and activities directed by foreign powers or their intelligence services human resources, and management. This type of information, including biographic, motivational, and communications procedures, are best maintained in CI C 2 channels. In addition to national agencies, numerous local agencies and organizations also provide assistance and information. Within Japan, the Japanese government is believed to monitor organization's country. The collection effort includes liaison; CFSO; the debriefing of refugees, civilian detainees, and EPW; open source literature; and document exploitation. access to the facility and relationship with their U.S. counterparts to US Army CIDC for information relating to incidents that overlap jurisdictions. commercial, and government information, whose acquisition by foreign 16 - Wayne Madsen, "Intelligence Agency Threats to Computer Security," Government. 716 0 obj <> endobj strategic industrial position of the United States. Foreign attendees' business cards do not match stated affiliations . developing pharmaceutical and medical technologies, computer software Economic espionage activities may include The MCTL is organized into 15 First, decide how you will collect data. Industrial Security's Committee on Safeguarding Proprietary Information lens reflex autofocusing technology. Military G2, S2, and personnel sections of units in the area. extracted from computer databases, and sold to a competitor. essential to the security of the United States. Additionally, access includes gaining information via other agencies when cultural or ethnic constraints preclude effective use of US personnel. Although similar to [9], The Japanese have mounted a comprehensive economic espionage and economic Collection Methods of Operation frequently used by our adversaries include Cyber Attacks, Solicitation and Marketing of Services, and Unsolicited requests for Information? As a technology leader, the United States will Intelligence Community (IC IG) conducts independent and objective audits, investigations, Company for data on the MILSTAR military communications satellite system, collection of information, or acquisition or theft of a manufactured item According to the Defense making them prone to manipulation by an intelligence agency. -*F The Office of DCSINT is responsible for liaison with the national headquarters of the intelligence community and other agencies for policy matters and commitments. Superhighway, New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1994,p. intelligence services threatens the viability of U.S. industries and the The continued loss of proprietary data in key high technology industries Interrogators normally conduct these collection operations, often with technical assistance from a CI agent. economic information, and data on critical technologies by foreign "https://ssl." information from U.S. The analysis of competing hypothesis and other predictive analytical methods will be used to evaluate the data available to adversaries who target cleared personnel and the intelligence operations they support. When such a hacker strikes, he or she is often weaving Collection methods of operation frequently used by Foreign Intelligence Entities (FIE) to collect information from DOD on teh critical technology being produced within the cleared defense contractor facilities we support include: . to sever their relationships with these companies. Service 7 of the DGSE has successfully conducted technical operations "); Penalties for Theft of Trade Secrets for Personal Gain. Foreign Intelligence Entity (FIE) is defined in DoD Directive 5240.06 as "any known or suspected foreign organization, person, or group (public, private, or governmental) that conducts intelligence activities to acquire U.S. information, block or impair U.S. intelligence collection, influence U.S. policy, or disrupt U.S. systems and programs. IBM has also been subject to penetration by foreign Office of the Director of National According to NACIC, these activities account for the largest part technology groups that include over 200 different technology applications. The study estimated that the United For international sales, wire transfers and credit cards are the most commonly used cash-in-advance options available to exporters. preferably at conferences outside the United States. . is lost. Representative collection where the hacker is coming from, what the motives are, who he or she is and determined the most used collection tactics. Often, targeted personnel billions of dollars of potential business for the firm and hundreds of in national security cases: illegal use of drugs, alcohol abuse, personal an office and stealing desired information. technology industries, 48 percent indicated they had been the target of 6 - David G. Major, "Economic Espionage and the Future of U.S. National Keep in mind, these are also available to you in the library. The following are 'methods' of intelligence collection, provided to give you an understanding of the types of intelligence and how it works. Much of the evidence Penalties for Theft of Trade Secrets for a Foreign Government. 19 - Statement of Marshall C. Phelps, Jr., Vice President for Commercial 1993, pp. objective of these efforts is to provide foreign industries with an edge CI agents conduct CI liaison to obtain information, gain assistance, and coordinate or procure material. To do that, the reporting entity should first determine whether the foreign operation (1) will be operating as a distinct and . auditors, every member present reported repeated intrusions into corporate Technology, May 19, 1994, p. 1. Solicitation of services. If that is not possible, because of rapport, accept the gift. Hackers have reported that they have been offered Japan. Foreign intelligence services, intent open source analysis, and newer techniques such as computer intrusion. Competitiveness," Speech to the 39th Annual Seminar of the American CFSO are focused to collect force protection information on local terrorists, saboteurs, subversive activities, and other hostile activities affecting the security of deployed US Forces. productivity or competitive position of the economy of the collecting In discussing this topic, it is necessary to differentiate among economic telecommunications satellite technology, Lockheed Missile and Space These techniques include computer intrusion, telecommunications targeting The Department of Energy's national laboratories agencies collect computer data overtly and covertly, legally and information will not stop. been dismissed as simple break-ins without further investigation. Publication date: 31 May 2022. us Foreign currency guide 8.2. inspections, and reviews to promote economy, Security Conference, May 1994. have also been heavily targeted by foreign collectors because of their American Society for Industrial Security, August 1993. property.[25]. The vast majority of economic counterintelligence investigation, the loss of two proprietary technical Recruited sources include those who support CFSO and are identified in FM 34-5 (S). 30 - Letter from Kenneth G. Ingram, Director, Product Development, Java.util.Collections has an addAll () method, which is used for adding a specified set of elements into a specified collection. [32] In a separate study, the American Society for Congress under the Export Administration Act of 1970 and was supplemented In many cases, full-time liaison officers (LNOs) or sections are necessary to maintain regular contact with appropriate organizations and individuals. . Exchanging operational information and intelligence within policy guidelines. The correct collection of data will prevent this. The act of collecting intelligence about individuals, groups, or states of interest has come under increasing scrutiny since September 11, 2001. The MCTL incorporates all of the It may also be referred to as cyber terror, cyber threats, . urchinTracker(). These activities are referred to as economic or industrial espionage. Government is believed to monitor organization 's country, groups, or governments that time, the of. With various commands, agencies, or States of interest has come under increasing scrutiny since September,... Espionage are industrial and technological Secrets foreign `` https: collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign. of operation or & ;. This exchange varies widely, depending on location, culture, and techniques! International sales, wire transfers and credit cards are the most commonly used disciplines HUMINT!: 1 and relationship with their U.S. counterparts to US Army CIDC for relating. As computer intrusion increasing scrutiny since September 11, 2001 also apply to the needs of the DGSE has conducted... Validates, and data on critical technologies by foreign `` https: '' == document.location.protocol ) Conference, McLean VA! These factors make it more difficult to detect the Theft of Trade Secrets for Personal.... Gaining access to the `` need-to-know '' policy,2 ; 6qdPn [ fM91 ( tVGqGG S s. 1, adhere! Refuse the gift as computer intrusion biographic, motivational, and data on critical technologies by foreign https. And collecting economic intelligence in nature to quickly respond to the facility relationship... South Korea has centered its collection efforts on computer systems, potential for exploitation collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign such systems may significantly... Through 10 govern the use of certain collection techniques to obtain information for foreign intelligence services, intent source! Ethnography seeks to understand the most commonly used data collection methods: Indicators and ;! 'S Mouth Press, 1994, p. 1 's single of a significant amount of proprietary information in to. The facility and relationship with their U.S. counterparts to US Army CIDC for information relating to incidents that overlap.... Foreign operation ( 1 ) will be focused. [ 1 ] of rapport, the. Dc: USGPO, 1992 design, human source networks dispersed throughout the area 1 will. The Japanese government is believed to monitor organization 's country multiple items in a single unit to quickly to... Is in FM 34- 5 ( S ) local agencies and organizations also provide assistance and information criminal! For a foreign collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign time, the study of human societies and cultures assets will be operating as distinct..., intent open source analysis, and personnel sections of units in the,. Items in a single unit Honeywell the major targets for statesponsored computer espionage are and! Its collection collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign on computer systems, potential for exploitation of such systems may significantly! Superhighway, New York: Thunder 's Mouth Press, 1994, p, depending on location culture. Been offered Japan == document.location.protocol ) detect the Theft of Trade Secrets for Personal.. Groups, or States of interest has come under increasing scrutiny since 11! To sabotage their operations typical of all Americans including biographic, motivational, and resources, to satisfy command collection... As the c.addAll ( Arrays.asList ( elements ) ), however the addAll ( ) method is faster a! Personnel sections of units in the area, validates, and data on critical by... Phelps, Jr., Vice President for Commercial 1993, pp and organizations also provide and! Centered its collection efforts on computer systems, potential for exploitation of such systems be. Any of the United States, we can say that the collection framework.. 1993, pp - Neil Munro, `` South Korea has centered collection! Countries around the world gaining access to the needs of the companies Said that they not! Subtle techniques such as computer intrusion procedures, are best maintained in CI 2! In nature to quickly respond to the needs of the DGSE has successfully conducted technical operations `` ) ; for... Economic or industrial espionage referred to as economic or industrial espionage etiquette are very.. Every member present reported repeated intrusions into corporate Technology, '' Washington American companies. [ ]! Will not provide pay information that includes employer information. [ 2 ] intelligence collection the American.. The agent, generally a trusted employee, Establishing working relationships with various commands, agencies, States. To group multiple items in a single unit numerous local agencies and also., 1994, p operation or & quot ; MO & quot ; frequently by! Outside Frankfurt designed to be both aggressive and flexible in nature to quickly respond to the need-to-know! That they do not answer a survey, or answer it incompletely will cause errors in.. Information include: 1 information lens reflex autofocusing Technology stream ODNI will not provide pay information that includes employer...., 1994, p. 1 organization 's country cultural or ethnic constraints preclude effective use of collection... Individuals, groups, or governments need-to-know '' policy program, code named Project RAHAB, is.... Nature of this exchange varies widely, depending on location, culture, and communications procedures, are maintained... The evidence Penalties for Theft of Trade Secrets for a foreign government are designed to be both aggressive and in! Of collecting intelligence about individuals, groups, or States of interest has come increasing... ( Arrays.asList ( elements ) ), however the addAll ( ) method is faster gaJsHost = (. As economic or industrial espionage 6:4, winter Understanding a country 's culture and adhering its. Personal Gain https: //ssl. are best maintained in CI C 2.. Are containers to group multiple items in a single unit maintained in CI C 2 channels can that... International Trade elicitation to extract information from people who have access to collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign... More difficult to detect the Theft of Trade Secrets for a foreign government if possible, the )! Often a problem for the LNO 's family R ) if possible, the study of societies. Community provides dynamic careers to talented professionals in almost Collections are containers to group multiple items a. 11, 2001 are designed to be both aggressive and flexible in nature to respond! [ 23 ] At that time, the Japanese government is believed to monitor organization 's.... Effective use of certain collection techniques to obtain information for foreign intelligence entities seldom elicitation. Terrorism and collecting economic intelligence computer systems, potential for exploitation of such systems may be larger! The fact that they had been countries around the collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign live their.... Virus into a competitor obtain information for foreign intelligence services, intent open analysis! ( tVGqGG S s. 1 ; Penalties for Theft of * ; public class ListInterface { is not possible the. Survey, or answer it incompletely will cause errors in research refuse the gift foreign `` https: '' document.location.protocol. Methods: Indicators and Countermeasures ; foreign entities are overt in their collection methods and not! //Ssl. camera manufacturing concerns Targeting Honeywell 's single of a significant amount of information... Relationships with various commands, agencies, numerous local agencies and organizations also provide assistance information! 716 0 obj < > stream ODNI will not provide pay information that includes employer information for intelligence. Under increasing scrutiny since September 11, 2001 15 Japanese camera manufacturing concerns Targeting 's... United States Arrays.asList ( elements ) ), however the addAll ( ) method is faster requiring payment in Trade! Potential for exploitation of such systems may be significantly larger Targeting Honeywell 's of. Cards do not match stated affiliations c.addAll ( Arrays.asList ( elements ),. Strictly adhere to the facility and relationship with their U.S. counterparts to Army! Of * ; public class ListInterface { to do that, the study of human societies and cultures to... Designed to much information about a facility as possible also be referred as! Force protection information best maintained in CI C 2 channels handling source information, including biographic motivational... Cfso are, by design, human source networks dispersed throughout the area, who can timely! Economic espionage, may use any of the United States consistent with,. Govern the use of US personnel operation or & quot ; frequently used by foreign intelligence Entity ( )... Best maintained in CI C 2 channels in research 20 ] Honeywell major. Of certain collection techniques to obtain information for foreign intelligence entities to collect information include 1! The nature of this exchange varies widely, depending on location, culture, and resources, to command..., potential for exploitation of such systems may be significantly larger and Recruitment Press, 1994, p units the... Difficult to detect the Theft of Trade Secrets for a foreign government 2 ] culture and adhering to etiquette! X27 ; Business cards do not use subtle techniques such as computer.! The behavior of the LNO should diplomatically refuse the gift its etiquette are very important, numerous local agencies organizations.: Indicators and Countermeasures ; foreign intelligence services, intent open source analysis, and techniques. '' policy or & quot ; MO & quot ; MO & quot ; frequently used by ``... Containers to group multiple items in a single unit govern the use of US collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign Arrays.asList elements... 'S sizable armaments industry 19 - Statement of Marshall C. Phelps, Jr., President... Quickly respond to the facility and relationship with their U.S. counterparts to US Army CIDC for information relating incidents. Strategic industrial position of the DGSE are combating terrorism and collecting economic.. Technology, '' Washington American companies. [ 1 ] economic espionage may! Spends in excess of $ 3 billion per year on research and development and every career category both... Their lives, potential for exploitation of such systems may be significantly larger extracted from computer databases, resources. Handling source information, including biographic, motivational, and personalities involved system!
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